Sentences with phrase «neurons during development»

Through a series of genetic analyses, we have constructed a hierarchical map composed of five transcription factors that define the key steps of proliferation, survival, differentiation, and hormone expression of the PVN and SON neurons during development.

For example, a study conducted in his own lab found that forebrain assembloids generated from patients with Timothy syndrome — a genetic disease associated with autism and epilepsy, showed abnormal migration of GABAergic neurons during the development of the cerebral cortex.

Along with research on the cell biology of neurons during development and ageing,...

NeuroD - null mice are deaf due to a severe loss of the inner ear sensory neurons during development.

Not exact matches

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

An Ludwig - Maximilians - Universitaet (LMU) in Munich study reveals that sound - evoked activity of neurons in the auditory system of the mouse increases the thickness of their myelin sheaths — and enhances the speed of signal transmission — both during development and in the adult brain.

During normal brain development in the first weeks of life, precursor cells in the SVZ in the piglets give birth to neurons that migrate primarily to the prefrontal cortex, the team reports today in Science Translational Medicine.

Using a mouse model, the team also demonstrated that two processes during neurodevelopment are regulated by the gene: proliferation — the replication of neuronal stem cells that have the potential to become multiple different kinds of cells, including neurons — and migration — the movement of neurons to specific locations in the brain during development.

But what did change: genes that during development would normally cause the loss of connections between neurons were switched on again in the aging astrocytes.

During brain development, neurons have to connect to each other, which they do by extending their long axons to touch one another.

During fetal development, the foundations of the mind are laid as billions of neurons form appropriate connections and patterns.

Like misdirected letters and packages at the post office, the neurons made from bipolar disorder patients also differed in how they were «addressed» during development for delivery to certain areas of the brain.

Dolmetsch exposes these stem cells to a variety of different growth factors that mimic those that induce stem cells to become neurons during normal development.

During development, subplate neurons are among the first neurons to form in the cerebral cortex — the outer part of the mammalian brain that controls perception, memory and, in humans, higher functions such as language and abstract reasoning.

If a mutation or an injury occurs during larval development, the glia can adapt and still support the motor neurons.

If these mutations happen during embryonic development, there could be several neurological problems: the child could become autistic, kids could be born with seizure disorder, or the developing neurons might not migrate to their proper site in the brain.

Another unexpected discovery, Dyer said, was the point during development when the immature cells transition from making new tissue by dividing rapidly, to differentiating into a mature retinal neuron.

During fetal development, the many parts find each other to make an extraordinary number of connections, neuron reaching out to neuron.

While this process is essential during development, it appears to be hijacked in diseased or traumatic conditions to reactivate and accelerate neuron degeneration.

During development, axons must follow specific paths in the nervous system in order to properly form neural circuits and allow neurons to communicate with one another.

The method could also help biologists understand how tissues change subtly during embryonic development — and even help map the maze of neurons that wire the human brain.

Together, these specialized proteins are believed to help neurons grow during brain development.

Indeed, some of our auditory neurons simultaneously release three different classical transmitters during a brief period in development.

The capability of firing action potentials, among other functions of mature neurons, has to be acquired during development and neuronal maturation.

In mammalian brains, such neurons are produced only during the development.

Dr Burgess said: «During brain development, neurons must crawl into their correct position and dynein molecules in this instance grab hold of the nucleus and pull it along with the moving mass of the cell.

Researchers recently discovered that adult mouse neurons methylate and demethylate — startling, since experts thought methylation happened only during brain development and then became permanent, to establish cells» identities.

They also found that the disruption of the connectivity of these cells during brain development causes alterations in brain oscillatory activity and disturbs the function of place cells, a type of pyramidal neuron that becomes active when an animal is located in a particular place in its environment.

Retrotransposons are normally silenced to prevent harmful mutations from occurring in egg and sperm cells, but are mobilized during certain stages of brain development, when neurons are being produced from dividing stem cells.

One is straightforward — during development, cells are assuming their identities and need precise control over protein production, so cells lacking a gene expression regulation mechanism are bound to have defects, particularly in the case of specialized cells like neurons.

NPCs during early brain development have two fates — they either stay as NPCs and undergo self - renewal or become neurons through differentiation.

Increased expression of a gene linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) leads to a remodeling of dendrites during brain development, according to a new study conducted in cultured neurons and an ASD mouse model published in JNeurosci.

When we overexpress the homeobox transcription factor Dlx2, or the basic helix - loop - helix transcription factor Ascl1, we obtained neurons that exhibited action potential discharges typical for interneurons generated in the medial ganglionic eminence, where these two transcription factors are also expressed during development.

Flavio Donato's work has revealed that, during development, stellate cells in the medial entorhinal cortex are the source of an activity - dependent instructive signal necessary for the maturation of those neurons that give us a sense of where we are.

The other factors were Nurr1 and Lmx1a, well - known to play a role during the development of dopaminergic neurons in the embryo.

Repeated intermittent alcohol exposure during the third trimester - equivalent increases expression of the GABA < sub > A receptor δ subunit in cerebellar granule neurons and delays motor development in rats.

To the researchers» surprise, further investigations revealed that during the peak of cortical development in humans, most of the neuron production was happening in the oSVZ rather than the familiar VZ.

The process of neuronal specification is the acquisition of definitive phenotypic characteristics for a given subclass of neurons during embryonic development.

In contrast to mouse vRGs, which produce 10 to 100 daughter cells during brain development, a single human oRG can produce thousands of daughter neurons, as well as glial cells — non-neuronal brain cells increasingly recognized as being responsible for a broad array of maintenance functions in the brain.

Repeated intermittent alcohol exposure during the third trimester - equivalent increases expression of the GABA A receptor δ subunit in cerebellar granule neurons and delays motor development in rats.

Abstract Although a variety of primary sensory neurons are implicated in the detection and transmission of different sensory modalities, how they arise during development remains poorly understood.

Pasco Rakic has deciphered how neurons in the embryonic brain arrange themselves during development into the highly ordered, densely interconnected, and immensely complex circuitry of the adult cerebral cortex.

How do neurons in the embryo organize themselves during development into the highly ordered and complex circuitry of the adult brain?

In the nematode worm, C. elegans, cholinergic inputs to DD motor neurons are relocated to new positions during early larval development.

As for the HARs that weren't active in brain cells during the study, the scientists think they could influence gene expression at other time points during development, such as when the neuron is fully matured rather than while it's developing.

The vast majority of brain cells, or neurons, are formed during prenatal development, starting a few weeks after conception.

In fact, in one study, a dose of mercury sufficient to kill 1 percent of lab rats (lethal dose «LD01»), when combined with a dose of lead sufficient to kill 1 percent, killed 100 percent of the rats.13 A similar test involving mercury and aluminum in cultured neurons killed 60 percent of the cells when the two low - dose toxicants (LD01) were combined.14 Even antibiotics have been shown to enhance the uptake, retention and toxicity of mercury.14 Additionally, testosterone appears to aggravate mercury toxicity during development, while estrogen protects against it.15 This may explain why more boys than girls are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit disorders.