These strategies include concept mapping (graphically displaying the relationships between the elements of a system)(West, Farmer, & Wolf, 1991), advance organizers (introductory material that bridges the gap between what the learner already knows and is about to learn)(Driscoll, 2005), metaphor and analogy comparing
new information to information already learned, chunking, rehearsal, imagery (providing opportunities to mentally visualize material or concepts), and
mnemonic devices.