Sentences with phrase «nicotine exposure»

Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on primate brain development and attempted amelioration with supplemental choline or vitamin C: Neurotransmitter receptors, cell signaling and cell development biomarkers in fetal brain regions of rhesus monkeys

Blocking either of these receptors during nicotine exposure eliminated the drug's ability to cause persistent changes in excitability.

Publishing the research in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the team concluded that nicotine exposure affects receptor distribution through combined effects on both receptor assembly and trafficking, which eventually could help explain the effects of drugs like nicotine on neuromuscular functioning.

Observations suggest that nicotine exposure affects the ratio of these receptors on the surface versus those in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and thus the cells» sensitivity to these receptors» natural ligands.

Recent studies reported that gestational nicotine exposure modulates the cell - adhesion and cell - death / survival systems in the brains of adolescent rats and may lead to numerous behavioral and physiological deficits [41], [42].

Transient in utero nicotine exposure stimulates mechanosensory - dependent lung development.

For example, he demonstrated that nicotine - induced formation of the endocannabinoid 2 - AG in the ventral tegmental area is sensitized following chronic nicotine exposure.

Gestational nicotine exposure regulates expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors and their signaling apparatus in developing and adult rat hippocampus.

Heavy maternal nicotine exposure was associated with a 38 percent increased odds of schizophrenia.

The compulsive alcohol consumption and neurological pathways seen in the new study suggest that alcohol works with nicotine to further activate the brain's reward system and dampen the stress of nicotine exposure.

These processes were responsible for causing the rats to self - administer more alcohol after nicotine exposure.

Now, a study led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) helps provide insight into these questions, showing that, in rat models, nicotine exposure actually promotes alcohol dependence.

New research suggests that the single use of an electronic cigarette approximating the nicotine exposure of one tobacco cigarette reduces the sensitivity of the cough reflex.

Their secondhand smoke exposure was measured by the presence of cotinine, a biomarker found in blood plasma that indicates nicotine exposure within the previous 48 to 72 hours.

A recent Surgeon General's report on e-cigarettes and youth notes that there are significant known deleterious health effects resulting from nicotine exposure in adolescence, including changes to the developing brain.

Reduced - nicotine cigarettes were beneficial in reducing nicotine exposure and dependence, and also the number of cigarettes smoked per day, when compared with standard - nicotine cigarettes in a six - week study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

«If you smoke right after you nurse, you reduce the nicotine exposure to your baby,» Acker says.

This leads to a suggestion that in utero nicotine exposure causes brain stem anomalies that results in their hypoxic arousal mechanisms not working properly.

However, for women who can not or will not stop smoking, breastfeeding is still advisable, since the benefits of breast milk outweigh the risks from nicotine exposure.

Not exact matches

E-cigs are dangerous... or not... depending on the circumstance: The Academies» uberstudy, which carefully reviewed more than 800 other peer - reviewed studies, found «conclusive evidence» that «most e-cigarettes... contain and emit numerous potentially toxic substances» (besides nicotine, that is), but found only «substantial evidence» that this exposure to poisons is sorta maybe «significantly lower» than it is in tobacco - filled smokes.

«There is conclusive evidence that intentional or accidental exposure to e-liquids» — the chemicals in the vaping cartridge that, when heated, release the aerosolized inhalant of nicotine and perhaps one of 7,700 flavors — «can result in adverse health effects such as seizures, anoxic brain injury, vomiting, and lactic acidosis.»

Exposure to nicotine, even in small amounts, can cause seizures, coma and fatal heart problems in children.

And while it is not necessary for you to be as cautious in general as when you were pregnant, breastfeeding moms should limit exposure to chemicals such as mercury, led and nicotine — all which can be transferred through the breastmilk to baby.

Nicotine is a toxic substance, and exposure to high levels of nicotine through breastmilk can potentially cause nicotine dependence and nicotine poisoning in yoNicotine is a toxic substance, and exposure to high levels of nicotine through breastmilk can potentially cause nicotine dependence and nicotine poisoning in yonicotine through breastmilk can potentially cause nicotine dependence and nicotine poisoning in yonicotine dependence and nicotine poisoning in yonicotine poisoning in your baby.

In an adoption there's often a lot of stress in utero for the baby, whether its lack of prenatal care, exposure to drugs, nicotine, alcohol in utero, and even the stress of an unplanned pregnancy can affect the baby.

Many of the known risk factors of cancer — all cancers — are the same: smoking or any use of tobacco or nicotine products; exposure to radiation; infection; sunlight; genetic factors; hormones; and aging.

The most recent study report described in these same regions decreased tissue levels of 5 - HT and tryptophan hydroxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for serotonin, and no evidence of excessive serotonin degradation as assessed by levels of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid (the main metabolite of serotonin) or ratios of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid to serotonin.30 A recent article described a significant association between a decrease in medullary 5 - HT1A receptor immunoreactivity and specific SIDS risk factors, including tobacco smoking.40 These data confirm results from earlier studies in humans39, 41 and are also consistent with studies in piglets that revealed that postnatal exposure to nicotine decreases medullary 5 - HT1A receptor immunoreactivity.42 Animal studies have revealed that serotonergic neurons located in the medullary raphe and adjacent paragigantocellularis lateralis play important roles in many autonomic functions including the control of respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, thermoregulation, sleep and arousal, and upper airway patency.

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

Director of New York Government Relations for the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network Julie Hart explained how this law will limit secondhand exposure to nicotine and other harmful products found in e-cigarettes.

However, the amount of nicotine in the blood after exposure to iQOS vapor was substantially higher (70.3 nanogram / milliliter for iQOS, 15.0 nanogram / milliliter for cigarettes).

The amount of nicotine in the rats» blood after exposure to cigarette smoke was similar to the amount in blood after humans have smoked one cigarette, confirming that the exposure conditions were relevant to the real world.

A 2012 Biomed Central Medicine study found that both the offspring and grand - offspring of pregnant rats exposed to nicotine developed asthma even if those descendants had no exposure to the chemical.

One study of e-cigarettes was conducted to resemble a smoky bar: the researchers found that markers of nicotine in nonsmokers who sat nearby was similar for both cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure.

Short - term exposure studies of e-cigarette use show a negative impact on lung function and bystanders absorb nicotine from passive exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, the authors report.

And because nicotine can linger on surfaces for weeks or months, this form of exposure might be even more persistent than firsthand or secondhand smoke, with the TSNAs being inhaled, ingested and dermally absorbed into the body.

Neuroscientist Jon Lindstrom of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia and his colleagues set out to determine more precisely how extended exposure to nicotine affected three different types of receptors.

Judith Zelikoff of NYU Langone Medical Center studied pre - and post-natal exposure to mice of commercially available e-cigarette vapors and aerosols with and without nicotine, finding changes to frontal cortex gene expression associated with mental health and activity issues, some of which are associated with schizophrenia, she said.

The FDA has funded research examining the impact of lower nicotine cigarettes on smoking behavior and also toxin exposure.

- In a rat study, exposure to nicotine during adolescence sent animals into a depression - like state in adulthood, with decreased sensations of pleasure and increased susceptibility to anxiety.

For some people, that one brief exposure is all it takes to alter the brain's systems for controlling cravings and to set up a lifelong weakness for nicotine.

Those that have been studied in this way include various nutritional factors (e.g., zinc, B - vitamins, antioxidant substances), light exposure, drugs (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, oral contraceptives, etc.) and toxins.

«Young people typically experiment with nicotine from tobacco in their teens, and that exposure possibly contributes to a greater vulnerability to alcohol abuse later in life.

Now researchers reporting in the Cell Press journal Neuron on July 18 show in a study conducted in rats that even a single exposure to nicotine temporarily changes how the brain's reward system responds to alcohol and increases the reinforcing properties of alcohol via stress hormones.

«Exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or nicotine, in utero increases the risk for ADHD in a dose - dependent fashion.»

They studied brain samples from mice and rats that were raised with chronic exposure to nicotine and had developed nicotine dependence — similar to a heavy smoker going through two packs a day.

As lead author Laura Rupprecht said, «The findings are important in the context of potential product standards requiring very low nicotine levels in cigarettes, as they indicate that low nicotine levels may still reduce body weight, possibly motivating continued use and maintaining exposure to harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke.»

«The findings that exposure to parental nicotine dependence is a critical factor influencing intergenerational transmission of smoking are striking and troubling — but they give us a direction to go in reducing that risk.»

As a result of this exposure children have significant blood levels of carcinogens that result when nicotine deposited on the surfaces reacts with nitrous oxide in the environment.

Chronic exposure to nicotine and saquinavir decreases endothelial Notch - 4 expression and disrupts blood - brain barrier integrity.

«More research is needed into the effects of nicotine addiction on the adolescent brain, given converging evidence from other drugs of addiction that exposure during this key developmental period can have lasting effects on the brain extending into adulthood.»