The main mechanism includes phagocytosis of macrophages which play a critical role in
nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and, moreover; they have a role as antigen presenters which also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes.
Examples of such
defense systems include receptor masking, restriction - modification (R - M) systems, DNA interference (Argonaute), bacteriophage exclusion (BREX or PGL), and abortive infection, all of which act in an innate,
nonspecific manner.