Simply put, both disorders prevent
normal development of the central nervous system, resulting in premature death in
children,
presenting an urgent need for effective therapeutic intervention.
Many of the behaviors
present in Oppositional Defiant Disorder are seen in
normal development when the
child is trying to push limits, create independence, and question boundaries.
Even when study is limited to family processes as influences, multivariate risk models find support.9 - 12 For example, Cummings and Davies13
presented a framework for how multiple disruptions in
child and family functioning and related contexts are supported as pertinent to associations between maternal depression and early
child adjustment, including problematic parenting, marital conflict,
children's exposure to parental depression, and related difficulties in family processes.10, 11 A particular focus of this family process model is identifying and distinguishing specific response processes in the
child (e.g., emotional insecurity; specific emotional, cognitive, behavioral or physiological responses) that, over time, account for
normal development or the
development of psychopathology.10