To the researchers» surprise, however, the animals missing one or both copies of Mus81 were fertile and produced
normal egg and sperm cells.
Not exact matches
After the woman's
eggs have been retrieved through the
normal IVF protocol
and are ready for fertilization, the mitochondria taken from her stem cells are injected into an
egg along with a
sperm cell.
You need three things: 1) health
eggs, 2) healthy
sperm,
and 3) a
normal reproductive tract, for pregnancy to happen.
But the whiptails»
egg cells first double their chromosomes twice
and then divide twice, leaving them with the
normal number of chromosomes
and rendering a
sperm cell unnecessary.
Using the refrigerated
sperm, the researchers were able to fertilize an
egg in vitro
and produce a
normal mouse pup.
Still unclear is whether the resulting
eggs, which reached maturity in just 22 days, compared with 5 months in the body, are
normal and whether they can combine with
sperm to make a healthy embryo.
One of the expected dangers of cloning is that worn down telomeres will be inherited from the adult cells used in lieu of an
egg or
sperm cell,
and indeed the telomeres of adult clones are often shorter than
normal.
However, during
normal fertilization, when an
egg and a
sperm fuse, the
sperm's mitochondria are destroyed, as the embryo inherits only its mother's mitochondria.
After an
egg has been fertilized by a
sperm,
normal embryos follow clear - cut timeframes for development, such as the time it takes for a two - cell embryo to turn into a three - cell embryo,
and the time it takes for a three - cell embryo to turn into a four - cell embryo.
This way the
sperm can then carry the mutation
and fertilise a
normal egg to carry on the knocked - out genome on to the next generation.
These genes likely came from the gametes — the
eggs or
sperm —
and can be used to predict whether an embryo is chromosomally
normal or abnormal at the earliest stage of human development.
While not enough
sperm could be collected to carry out
normal in vitro fertilization, in which
sperm and eggs are simply mixed together, a procedure known as assisted fertilization was successful.
It supports
normal egg development in a woman's ovary
and interestingly, it also helps in increasing the
sperm count in men.
Any
normal person would automatically assume that aside from mixing a cocktail of
sperm and egg in a fertility clinic, if a woman were to become impregnated by a specific man, she must have had sex with him.
This was attributed to «recombination» taking place between the marker
and the actual gene during the formation of gametes (
sperm and eggs), resulting in the marker normally associated with the mutant gene
and that associated with the
normal gene being «switched over».