However, the final model (actor and partner effects constrained) explained no significant variance in perceived injunctive
norms for boys (R 2 =.09, p =.137) or girls (R 2 =.01, p =.286).
Gender differences in the APIMs indicated that interactive normativity and deviance was related to perceived descriptive, injunctive, and risk
norms for boys, but only to perceived injunctive norms for girls.
The final model (actor and partner effects constrained) explained no significant variance in perceived injunctive
norms for boys (R 2 =.01, p =.656) or girls (R 2 =.00, p =.696).
Finding stronger links between sexual communication with friends and perceived sexual peer
norms for boys matches with notions that sexual behaviors (and talking about those behaviors) are important for boys» same - sex peer acceptance (Kreager & Staff, 2009; Reed & Weinberg, 1984).
To my mind, the boys - in - the - girls» - room message dramatizes something middle - class communities sense, which is that the entire LGBT project and allied movements undermine social
norms for boys and girls and try to put in their place unworkable gender ideologies.
Years ago, this career path was
the norm for boys on the island.
Not exact matches
International experts from UN Women and NGOs like Promundo are doing important work to change harmful
norms of gender and masculinity through parental leave and fathers» quotas policies and education programs
for adolescent
boys, respectively.
but that seems to be the
norm for me lately I LOVE this post and it's got me going hmmm... my youngest
boy just turned 9 months.
However, I cringe to think that some unknowing parents will come to believe this is the
norm for intact
boys.
«Cultural differences in gender
norms provide North African French
boys less freedom to deviate from traditional gender roles and
norms than that experienced by European French
boys,» explains Isabelle Regner, professor of psychology at Aix - Marseille Universite and the National Center
for Scientific Research (CNRS), who coauthored the study.
Since dating is such an important aspect of life
for men, women, teen
boys, and girls in countries where the custom of arranged marriage is absent and where sexual freedom and liberal attitude towards intermingling of opposite sex is a
norm.
The progressive minded trio and their experiences would provide Marston with the inspiration to create a powerful female super-hero to challenge heteronormative ideas on gender
norms predicated on his behavioral DISC theory in order to educate little
boys and inspire little girls (he also invented the lie detector, which he refused to patent as he believed science should be free
for all).
It's easy to see the exchange as a boiled - down version of Coogler — himself a West Coast
boy — navigating the city and its
norms for the first time.
Initially, Pascoe had not planned to focus on homophobia, but the rigid gender
norms, and the narrow range of acceptable behavior (especially
for boys) at the school, were everywhere.
Bullying most often focuses on qualities that students (and the broader society) perceive to be different from the established
norm, such as expected genderspecific behavior
for boys and girls, dress and physical appearance, and manner of speaking.
This is especially meaningful
for low - income students in India because English language skills and math skills are essential to future employability, and girls tend to be under - educated relative to
boys due to cultural
norms.32
With
Boy Meets
Boy, he basically set out to write the book that he dreamed of getting as an editor - a book about gay teens that doesn't conform to the old
norms about gay teens in literature (i.e. it has to be about a gay uncle, or a teen who gets beaten up
for being gay, or about outcasts who come out and find they're still outcasts, albeit outcasts with their outcastedness in common.)
This is yet another proof that video games are becoming much more of the
norm than something
for those nerdy
boys.
In her newest multimedia works; ranging from charcoal and chalk drawings of sinks historical fertility statues to large - scale phallic sculptural works; MacGreevy reflects on her feelings of detachment from the parameters and signifiers of gender
norms, (she identified as a
boy for the first ten years of her life and now identifies as a woman).
The final model (actor effects constrained, partner effects freely estimated) explained 9 % of the variance in
boys» perceived injunctive
norms (R 2 =.09, p =.030), and 14 % of the variance
for girls (R 2 =.14, p =.006).
Both
boys» own deviant talk and that of their friend was related to perceiving more friends to be sexually experienced, whereas
for girls actor and partner effects on perceived descriptive
norms were not significant.
Both
boys» own normative reinforcement and that of their friend was related to perceiving fewer friends to be sexually experienced, whereas
for girls there were no significant actor or partner effects on perceived descriptive
norms.
In the fourth model, actor and partner effects of normative reinforcement on perceived risk
norms were similar
for boys and girls, actor effects: Δχ 2 (1) = 1.27, p =.260, and partner effects: Δχ 2 (1) = 2.64, p =.104.
For boys, friends» normative talk was related to perceiving fewer friends to be sexually experienced, whereas for girls there was no significant partner effect on perceived descriptive nor
For boys, friends» normative talk was related to perceiving fewer friends to be sexually experienced, whereas
for girls there was no significant partner effect on perceived descriptive nor
for girls there was no significant partner effect on perceived descriptive
norms.
The final model, where actor and partner effects were freely estimated
for boys and girls, explained 21 % of the variance in
boys» perceived descriptive
norms (R 2 =.21, p =.037), but explained no significant variance
for girls (R 2 =.00, p =.899).
Child gender and child health status at birth were included as part of the analytic design because
boys have been shown to have higher rates of aggressive behavior than girls and cultural
norms are thought to influence the expectations
for maturity and limits of acceptable behavior (Campbell, 2002).
The fact that we found a diverging gendered pattern in comparison with the study of Busse et al. (2010), who found that
for girls, but not
for boys, more frequent sexual communication with friends was associated with perceiving more pressure (i.e., a combination of descriptive and injunctive
norms) to have sex, emphasizes the importance of making a distinction between the different types of sexual peer
norms, as well as between how often youths talk about sexuality - related topics with their friends, and the way in which they talk about such topics (i.e., how normatively or deviantly).
In the fourth model, actor and partner effects of deviant reinforcement on perceived risk
norms were similar
for boys and girls, actor effects: Δχ 2 (1) = 1.35, p =.245, and partner effects: Δχ 2 (1) = 0.09, p =.763.
The final model (actor and partner effects freely estimated) explained no significant variance
for boys (R 2 =.01, p =.468), but explained 19 % of the variance in girls» perceived injunctive
norms (R 2 =.19, p =.049).
The final model, where actor effects were constrained and partner effects were freely estimated, explained 21 % of the variance in
boys» perceived descriptive
norms (R 2 =.21, p =.002), but explained no significant variance
for girls (R 2 =.03, p =.314).
The final model (actor and partner effects constrained) explained significant variance (14 %) in
boys» perceived risk
norms (R 2 =.14, p =.016), but not
for girls (R 2 =.06, p =.138).