At that point in Science and the Modern World where Whitehead observes: «The relation of part to whole has the special reciprocity associated with
the notion of organism, in which the part is for the whole»; he confirms: «but this relation reigns throughout nature and does not start with the special case of the higher organisms» [SMW 149].
But if one is going to start by doing something more fundamental, I think
his notion of organism is likely to be more helpful than what are to me these extremely confused notions about events.
The notion of organisms as carriers of form — or rather, as only existing in patterned processes — was a preoccupation of the participants in the Dialogues, largely because of Rupert Sheldrake's book.
This generalized
notion of organism does not preclude real differences of functioning at different levels.
The process view approaches these problems by an application of
the notions of organism and environment.
There is this way, and there is the way of reiterative patterns in the passage of nature, which Margaret wants, and there is the way of the generalized
notion of organism, which I may say I want.
In the durations they are made by sense - awareness, and when he gets to
his notion of organisms they are non-arbitrary because there is the unit in time needed for functioning to take place.
Not exact matches
It is fundamental to the metaphysical doctrine
of the philosophy
of organism, that the
notion of an actual entity as the unchanging subject
of change is completely abandoned No thinker thinks twice; and, to put the matter more generally, no subject experiences twice.
There are long passages in the last chapter
of Science and the Modern World, for instance, which could easily have served as the source
of some
of Leopold's ideas, and which suggest that Leopold's
notion of community could be derived from Whitehead's theory
of organism without much difficulty.
In explicating his own
notion of «dynamism» Sullivan notes that, «Whitehead, among the philosophers, has conceived the universe as an
organism, and certainly there is no difficulty in seeing living
organisms as particular dynamisms.»
The derivative
notion of «society» is essential to his metaphysics, for it serves to link his speculative conception
of actual entities with entities
of ordinary experience, such as material bodies and living
organisms (including cells and molecules).
Whitehead's
notion that «the emergence
of organisms depends on a selective activity which is akin to purpose» accounts for this neglected side
of evolution (SMW 107).
Whitehead's well - known
notion of the Stage
of Romance in education gets its power from the fundamental aesthetic need
of the human
organism for novelty and zest in experience.
Hence, to deal properly with Hegel, whose organismic understanding
of reality is grounded in the analysis
of macroscopic
organisms, the true point
of comparison should be the Whiteheadian
notion of a society, not the doctrine
of actual entities.
What a genetic ontology can contribute to questions posed by Whitehead is illustrated in the third part regarding the complex problem
of the concept
of «
organism» versus the
notion of «thing.»
The more primitive mode
of objectification is via emotional tone, and only in exceptional
organisms does objectification, via sensation, supervene with any effectiveness... Thus the whole
notion of prehension should be inverted.
The
notion of extension is the primary description
of how an actual entity is an
organism and how it takes account
of all other entities.
Transcendence is a tricky
notion, however, and requires qualification, for the world is also partly at the mercy
of its representing creatures whose activities, at least in the case
of «higher»
organisms, can have an integrative or a disintegrative effect.
Whitehead's rejection ofthat position was emphatic: «It is fundamental to the metaphysical doctrine
of the philosophy
of organism that the
notion of an actual entity as the unchanging subject
of change is completely abandoned» (PR 29 / 44).
In the later books this becomes a crucial question when the key
notion of the ontology is not that
of event, but
of organism.
Whitehead takes the
notion of «
organism» as the most profitable one for designating the natural units, but, by making macro-organisms societies
of micro-organisms and giving directed activity only to these, he loses the distinctive unity
of macro-organisms.
Those who consider this language to have been unfortunate may be encouraged by the Dialogues to go behind it and look again at the generalized
notion of «
organism» which seemed to be emerging in the earlier books.
DE: This seems to me to be what his philosophy
of organism should have gone for, and when he said he was trying to make this a bridge
notion between the biological and physical sciences, I think the link is in his
notion of the «non-uniform object»
of which the simplest example is the wave.
The main influence (e.g., on my
notion of morphogenetic fields) was the idea that nature should be founded on the model
of the
organism and not on the model
of the machine.
Her own sympathies, at least with respect to causation, focus upon Whitehead's early philosophy
of nature: «I now find myself distanced from his later writings, but increasingly sympathetic to the middle ones [e.g. SMW], especially as he was working towards a generalized
notion of «
organism,» and when his «passage
of nature» could be seen not as one datum after another, but as a pattern - forming and pattern - sustaining process which could support a dynamic view
of a causation underlying more restricted kinds» (CE vii).
What makes the process - relational view different from most organismic interpretations, as we have seen, is, first
of all, the
notion that unique individuals do create themselves and their societies, as profoundly shaped as they are by them, instead
of being subsumed by an omnicompetent and all knowing state that functions as the brain
of the
organism.
The idea that the simplest
organism may not have come first upends the popular
notion of an evolutionary march toward complexity.
Winston covers all the bases, from Lamarck «s
notions on the origins
of simple
organisms through to the intricacies
of genetics, and he also touches on speciation, shrinking biodiversity, genetic drift, even the ethics
of selecting «desirable» traits in your children.
About 25 million mice are used in laboratories around the world to test new drugs and new
notions about the biochemical machinery
of living
organisms.
Back in the wild and wacky 19th century, some scientists held a
notion called recapitulation theory, which claimed embryonic development followed the branches
of an
organism's ancient evolutionary tree, from, say, fish to lizard to dog to human.
Turning the hypothetical
notion of a hive mind into a functioning
organism, The Hive Mind is a performative installation exhibit in which artworks are curated as points in a nonlinear narrative scene
«I saw a poetic contradiction in the
notion that some
of the smallest
organisms in the world were reclaiming the instruments
of much larger
organisms.
The
notion that Lovelock promoted was «the evolution
of the Earth as a planetary
organism» — it might apply to Pandora, the Avatar world with the sentient biosphere, but what we really have here is what Steven Schneider called the «Co-evolution
of climate and life», which seems to be a much clearer way
of looking at it.