Sentences with phrase «nucleotide base»

Without the hydrogen bonds of their nucleotide base pairs holding them together, they will repel and break apart.

«By combining different methods for RNA sequencing with new bioinformatics tools we could find novel sites of nucleotide base exchange, so - called editing», says Jens Lagergren, Professor at the Royal Institute of Technology and group leader at SciLifeLab Stockholm.

(Left) A single DNA strand (formed by a sugar - phosphate backbone and nucleotide base - pairs).

CRISPR / Cas9 and related tools can now be used in new ways, such as changing a single nucleotide base — a single letter in the genetic code — or adding a fluorescent protein to tag a spot in the DNA that scientists want to track.

The capacity of DNA data - storage is theoretically limited to two binary digits for each nucleotide, but the biological constraints of DNA itself and the need to include redundant information to reassemble and read the fragments later reduces its capacity to 1.8 binary digits per nucleotide base.

Occasionally, though, one of the nucleotide base pairs that make up the molecule gets switched, or a short stretch of genetic code is duplicated.

Some of the differences among studies could arise from gene tree incongruence, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) of those genes (29, 31), nucleotide base composition biases (19), differences between data types (32, 33), or insufficient data (34, 35).

DNA consists of certain basic building blocks, each consisting of a nucleotide base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

For the analyses, Thompson and his colleagues looked for single - letter (nucleotide base) changes in DNA that correspond to the sizes of key brain regions.

The sugars are bound together by the phosphate groups, forming the backbone of the DNA, and each sugar has a nucleotide base attached to it.

Opening the sugar destabilizes the otherwise highly stable chemical bond between the oxidized nucleotide base and the DNA strand, and the bond is then broken in further steps.

In another study in Science, Yale biochemist Scott Strobel describes an experiment that pinpoints one nucleotide base in the RNA as key for the peptide - bond reaction.

These results are consistent with a mechanism wherein the nucleotide base of A2451 serves as a general acid base during peptide bond formation.

It reveals that mice have 14 per cent less DNA than we do, totalling about 2.5 billion nucleotide base pairs against our own 2.9 billion.

The Human Genome Project, which sequenced the 3 billion pairs of nucleotide bases in human DNA, was a piece of cake in comparison: Epigenetic markers and patterns are different in every tissue type in the human body and also change over time.

A genome consists of only four different nucleotide bases, or DNA subunits, arranged in a particular sequence.

That sort of resolution should be good enough to determine the sequence of all the nucleotide bases in the human genetic code.

Release 155, produced in August 2006, contained over 65 billion nucleotide bases in more than 61 million sequences.

DNA is made of four substances — the nucleotide bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine — that will combine only in specific configurations and sequences.

By putting fewer nucleotide bases into solution, the researchers reduced the polymerase's transcribing speed from about 45 bases per second to 1 base per second.

The phi29 protein slows the DNA down so that only 20 to 30 nucleotide bases move through the pore each second, making it possible to electrically identify each one as it passes.

The genetic blueprints are encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases.

In algae, Romesberg and his colleagues identified a protein that grabs nucleotide bases and pulls them into the cell.

Biochemist Nirenberg of the National Institutes of Health gave a seminar describing a groundbreaking experiment in which he and a colleague had discovered how the cell interprets messenger RNA — by reading one triplet, or codon, of nucleotide bases at a time — to line up the amino acids that form proteins.

They can copy only certain sequences of nucleotide bases, the building blocks that make up RNA and DNA, and those sequences don't carry out any important function inside cells.

Bloom and Jacobs say that, to their knowledge, GTC has only sequenced 40 000 of the 4 million nucleotide bases that make up the M. tuberculosis genome.

Playing with the parameters that define the natural genetic code — four nucleotide bases, three - letter codons, 20 amino acids — leads back to questions raised decades ago about how that code evolved and whether it is optimal.

Take any organism on earth, and its DNA and RNA have four nucleotide bases, or letters (usually abbreviated as A, T, C and G in DNA; in RNA, another base, U, takes the place of T).

With four nucleotide bases at the cell's disposal, 64 codons are possible: One to six codons specify each of the 20 natural amino acids most commonly used, and three tell the cell to stop building the protein.

It will then test the device to see if it is possible to distinguish between the four types of nucleotides based on differences in a phenomenon called electron tunneling.

The researchers analyzed hundreds of human transcription factors, which are proteins that read the genetic information coded in DNA's sequence of four nucleotide bases — adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)-- and pass that on to RNA molecules.

A single DNA sequence is formed from a chain of four nucleotide bases and if some individuals in a population do not carry the same nucleotide at a specific position in the sequence, the variation is classified as an SNP.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- a double - stranded molecule made up of four building blocks called nucleotide bases (different chemicals that are abbreviated A, T, C, and G) that are arranged in a certain order throughout a genome.

The DNA replication of these types of cells requires nucleotides from dietary sources, and hence the positive response to the use of our nucleotide based products.

Not exact matches

The interaction of the reagents then proceeded until the number of nucleotide units (consisting of a base, deoxyribose and a phosphate) polymerized was exactly equal to the number of nucleotides in the template DNA.

The current standard of care for HCV genotype 3 is the nucleotide polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir with weight - based RBV for 24 weeks.

It is based on the design of a small RNA (RNAsg) that is complementary and specific to a 20 nucleotide DNA region.

The team found that a mutation in a single pair of nucleotides in the gene causes seed coat permeability — that is, a change in one pair out of the approximately 1 billion base pairs that make up the soybean genome.

To explore the mechanism of this reaction, we screened for nucleotides in Escherichia coli 23S rRNA that may have a perturbed pK a (whereK a is the acid constant) based on the pH dependence of dimethylsulfate modification.

Then they induced a single, 12 - base strand of DNA from the human p53 gene to build a complementary copy of itself out of the modified nucleotides.

One commercially available alternative is pyrosequencing, which also detects nucleotides as they are added to a single strand of DNA, but it can lead to errors because it is harder to differentiate between a single base and a whole stretch of identical bases next to each other, says Elaine Mardis, a geneticist at Washington University in St Louis, US.

The model shows the classic double helix of DNA strands going in opposite directions with nucleotides linking to each other across the strands to form base pairs.

All of these studies were genome - wide association studies (GWAS) based on millions of genetic variants called Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).

However, based on data now available, we see that the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides in any individual genome is unique in comparison with the sequence of another individual's genome, while the degree of sequence similarity between the 3 billion nucleotides in any two genomes is remarkably high.

Smith's group substituted one of the probe's bases with 3 - nitropyrrole, a molecule that is shaped like a nucleotide but that doesn't bind to one on an opposite strand.

Then, in 2010, Pääbo and colleagues published a draft sequence of the Neanderthal's nuclear genome — 4 billion nucleotides — based on three individuals.

The current methods for synthesizing genes, he said, either limit the length of a gene to about 200 base pairs — the sets of nucleotides that made up DNA — or are prohibitively expensive for most labs.

We have determined at 2.1 angstrom resolution the crystal structure of a T7 RNAP elongation complex with 30 base pairs of duplex DNA containing a «transcription bubble» interacting with a 17 - nucleotide RNA transcript.

First, they occurred quickly and the resulting nucleotides spontaneously paired with each other in water, forming hydrogen bonds like the Watson - Crick base pairs that create the «ladder - rung» pattern inside RNA and DNA helixes.

When molecular hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and water (H20) are mixed together in the presence of virtually any intermittent source of energy capable of breaking chemical bonds, the result is a remarkably high yield of amino acids and the sugars and nitrogenous bases that are the chemical constituents of the nucleotides.