Sentences with phrase «nucleotide bases»

The Human Genome Project, which sequenced the 3 billion pairs of nucleotide bases in human DNA, was a piece of cake in comparison: Epigenetic markers and patterns are different in every tissue type in the human body and also change over time.

The methylation of specific nucleotide bases in DNA often serves to switch genes off.

It reveals that mice have 14 per cent less DNA than we do, totalling about 2.5 billion nucleotide base pairs against our own 2.9 billion.

Three recent studies found that people with a single nucleotide base change in the genes that code for cell receptors that bind nicotine — the addictive chemical in cigarettes — were more likely to develop lung cancer (ScienceNOW, 2 April).

A genome consists of only four different nucleotide bases, or DNA subunits, arranged in a particular sequence.

The enzyme links nucleotide bases to create RNAs that serve as templates for proteins.

Biochemist Nirenberg of the National Institutes of Health gave a seminar describing a groundbreaking experiment in which he and a colleague had discovered how the cell interprets messenger RNA — by reading one triplet, or codon, of nucleotide bases at a time — to line up the amino acids that form proteins.

Each nucleotide sub-unit consists of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and one of the 4 nitrogenous nucleotide bases.

By putting fewer nucleotide bases into solution, the researchers reduced the polymerase's transcribing speed from about 45 bases per second to 1 base per second.

The phi29 protein slows the DNA down so that only 20 to 30 nucleotide bases move through the pore each second, making it possible to electrically identify each one as it passes.

The presence of a modified component in messenger RNA (mRNA)-- nucleotide base N6 - methyladenosine — is an exciting and under - studied...

Opening the sugar destabilizes the otherwise highly stable chemical bond between the oxidized nucleotide base and the DNA strand, and the bond is then broken in further steps.

In algae, Romesberg and his colleagues identified a protein that grabs nucleotide bases and pulls them into the cell.

The capacity of DNA data - storage is theoretically limited to two binary digits for each nucleotide, but the biological constraints of DNA itself and the need to include redundant information to reassemble and read the fragments later reduces its capacity to 1.8 binary digits per nucleotide base.

It was declared a tie in March of 2000, and the race was then on to figure out what the billions of nucleotide bases actually meant.

«By combining different methods for RNA sequencing with new bioinformatics tools we could find novel sites of nucleotide base exchange, so - called editing», says Jens Lagergren, Professor at the Royal Institute of Technology and group leader at SciLifeLab Stockholm.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- a double - stranded molecule made up of four building blocks called nucleotide bases (different chemicals that are abbreviated A, T, C, and G) that are arranged in a certain order throughout a genome.

These variations arise from substitution of a single nucleotide base, called a single - nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP.

Release 155, produced in August 2006, contained over 65 billion nucleotide bases in more than 61 million sequences.

Sequencing: In the final round of copying, geneticists chemically color the different nucleotide bases — better known by their letters A, T, C and G. Computers then read the code based on the order in which the colors appear, analyzing all the identical strands with matching tags at the same time to weed out any errors.

(Base pairs are complementary linked nucleotide bases, such as adenine — thymine.)

With four nucleotide bases at the cell's disposal, 64 codons are possible: One to six codons specify each of the 20 natural amino acids most commonly used, and three tell the cell to stop building the protein.

The genetic blueprints are encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases.

The basic units of DNA are four nucleotide bases: adenine (abbreviated as A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T), which are linked by a phosphate - sugar backbone.

That sort of resolution should be good enough to determine the sequence of all the nucleotide bases in the human genetic code.

DNA is made of four substances — the nucleotide bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine — that will combine only in specific configurations and sequences.

These results are consistent with a mechanism wherein the nucleotide base of A2451 serves as a general acid base during peptide bond formation.

In another study in Science, Yale biochemist Scott Strobel describes an experiment that pinpoints one nucleotide base in the RNA as key for the peptide - bond reaction.

The sugars are bound together by the phosphate groups, forming the backbone of the DNA, and each sugar has a nucleotide base attached to it.

Often, they attack the nucleotide base guanine and oxidize it to a so - called 8OG base.

For the analyses, Thompson and his colleagues looked for single - letter (nucleotide base) changes in DNA that correspond to the sizes of key brain regions.

DNA consists of certain basic building blocks, each consisting of a nucleotide base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

A grouping of three nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence is called a codon.

Occasionally, though, one of the nucleotide base pairs that make up the molecule gets switched, or a short stretch of genetic code is duplicated.

DNA has four nucleotide bases — A, C, T, and G — and base editing changes one to another.

They can copy only certain sequences of nucleotide bases, the building blocks that make up RNA and DNA, and those sequences don't carry out any important function inside cells.

Using an erasure - correcting algorithm called fountain codes, they randomly packaged the strings into so - called droplets, and mapped the ones and zeros in each droplet to the four nucleotide bases in DNA: A, G, C and T.

The basic machinery that makes proteins starts with trios of nucleotide bases, called codons, that make up DNA.

Bloom and Jacobs say that, to their knowledge, GTC has only sequenced 40 000 of the 4 million nucleotide bases that make up the M. tuberculosis genome.

It took GTC just six months to work out the order of the 1.8 million nucleotide bases that make up the genome of H. pylori.

Playing with the parameters that define the natural genetic code — four nucleotide bases, three - letter codons, 20 amino acids — leads back to questions raised decades ago about how that code evolved and whether it is optimal.

Take any organism on earth, and its DNA and RNA have four nucleotide bases, or letters (usually abbreviated as A, T, C and G in DNA; in RNA, another base, U, takes the place of T).

CRISPR / Cas9 and related tools can now be used in new ways, such as changing a single nucleotide base — a single letter in the genetic code — or adding a fluorescent protein to tag a spot in the DNA that scientists want to track.

To explore how the heat would have affected early life forms, the researchers focused on a DNA mutation in which cytosine (one of the four nucleotide bases in the genetic code: «C») turns into thymine («T» in the genetic code).

(Left) A single DNA strand (formed by a sugar - phosphate backbone and nucleotide base - pairs).

The researchers analyzed hundreds of human transcription factors, which are proteins that read the genetic information coded in DNA's sequence of four nucleotide bases — adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)-- and pass that on to RNA molecules.

A single DNA sequence is formed from a chain of four nucleotide bases and if some individuals in a population do not carry the same nucleotide at a specific position in the sequence, the variation is classified as an SNP.