Sentences with phrase «nucleotides from»

The DNA replication of these types of cells requires nucleotides from dietary sources, and hence the positive response to the use of our nucleotide based products.

Studies of life in hydrothermal vents and of the chemistry of hydrothermal vents have provided no information about the evolution of RNA and DNA and of their nucleotides from inorganic and simple organic molecules.

In other words, creating nucleotides from their components in water is like pushing a rock uphill, while the reverse reaction, the conversion of nucleotides to their pieces in water, is like rolling a rock downhill.

In the 7 May 2010 issue of Science, an international team of researchers presents the draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of over 3 billion nucleotides from three individuals.

We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals.

... The direct synthesis of... nucleotides from prebiotic precursors in reasonable yield and unaccompanied by larger amounts of unrelated molecules could not be achieved by presently known chemical reactions» (5).

Although one of the mutations has no effect, the other, which switches one nucleotide from an A to a G, slightly but significantly boosts alpha - synuclein production.

In this example, changing a single DNA nucleotide from A to T creates the amino acid serine instead of the expected arginine.

Not exact matches

We can make nucleotides / proteins / lipids from scratch, all that is left is assembling them in the correct fashion (granted not an easy task).

There is no such «direct» evolution: animals, bacteria, and algae have a common ancestor from which they have diverged, as can be shown by aligning and comparing amino acid sequences of proteins and nucleotide sequences of homologous ribosomal RNA molecules that are found in both bacteria and vertebrates.

One of the tools, the SNP - Seek database, is designed to provide user - friendly access to a type of genetic marker called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from this data.

DNA is made from nucleotides.

Mitochondria, specialized organelles found in nearly every cell of the body, use cellular respiration to generate one of the most important sources of chemical energy — adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a versatile nucleotide that powers everything from cell division to cell signaling to transportation of large molecules across the cell membrane.

«This is really the first time we've gone from risk variants highlighted by GWAS to a mechanistic and molecular understanding — right down to the nucleotide — of how a mutation can contribute to the risk of developing disease,» says Whitehead Founding Member Rudolf Jaenisch, who is also a professor of biology at MIT.

The nucleotide in M1 RNA, residue C92, which participates in a crosslink with the substrate was deleted and the resulting mutant M1 RNA was shown to cleave substrates lacking the 3» terminal CCAUCA sequence at sites several nucleotides away from the normal site of cleavage.

A catalytic RNA (ribozyme) derived from an intervening sequence (IVS) RNA of Tetrahymena thermophila will catalyze an RNA polymerization reaction in which pentacytidylic acid (C5) is extended by the successive addition of mononucleotides derived from a guanylyl -(3», 5»)- nucleotide (GpN).

The specificity for coupling to the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein lies within a region extending from the amino terminus of the fifth hydrophobic domain to the carboxyl terminus of the sixth.

«We're able to see at the molecular level down to a single nucleotide and then we have the view from the very top.

We have determined additional full - length sequences from two clusters of imported EBOV infections into Mali, and we show that the nucleotide substitution rate (1.3 × 10 — 3 substitutions per site per year) is consistent with rates observed in Central African outbreaks.

The MGH investigators screened the genomes of 40 individuals with arhinia and 55 family members, from a total of 38 families, revealing rare single - nucleotide mutations within the SMCHD1 gene in 84 percent of affected individuals.

In germline cells PIWI proteins silence the RNA from jumping genes by cutting them in sequences of ~ 30 nucleotides that will become piRNAs.

The dynamic instability that makes it possible for microtubules to transition from a rigid polymerized or «assembled» nucleotide state to a flexible depolymerized or «disassembled» nucleotide state is driven by guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis in the microtubule lattice.

The nucleotide substitution rate was consistent with rates estimated from past Central African outbreaks.

Johnson's team borrowed a technique from cancer biology, called the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), which creates a huge library of random, short chains of nucleotides, called aptamers, and then incubates them with a target of choice, such a specific breast cancer cell.

The lab has also shifted from testing genetic markers known as short tandem repeats (STRs), which are standard in paternity testing, to recording single letter variants in the genetic code known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, which are rarely used for this purpose.

By putting fewer nucleotide bases into solution, the researchers reduced the polymerase's transcribing speed from about 45 bases per second to 1 base per second.

Then they induced a single, 12 - base strand of DNA from the human p53 gene to build a complementary copy of itself out of the modified nucleotides.

Results from three Phase III clinical trials (ION - 1, ION - 2 and ION - 3) evaluating the investigational once - daily fixed - dose combination of the nucleotide analogue polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir (SOF) 400 mg and the NS5A inhibitor ledipasvir (LDV) 90 mg, with and without ribavirin (RBV), for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been presented at the International Liver CongressTM 2014.

Results from a statistical analysis shows a cluster of SNPs — single nucleotide polymorphisms — in one section of a single gene, indicating the location of a mutation likely linked to autism.

The role of short stretches of RNA, which range in length from 21 to 28 nucleotides, had gone unnoticed until recently, in part because researchers, focused on the familiar larger RNA molecules, tossed out the crucial small ones during experiments.

When a Y chromosome is passed from father to son, the chance that a specific single nucleotide will change from, say, T (thymine) to A (adenine) is on the order of one in a few tens of millions.

The shorter sgRNA is only 14 or 15 nucleotides compared with the standard 20 nucleotides used in most CRISPR - Cas9 techniques, and this prevents Cas9 from cutting the DNA.

The researchers looked at functional single nucleotide polymorphisms within the CLOCK gene that are able to influence how much protein is transcribed from the gene.

Such probes, about 20 nucleotides long, sometimes bind loosely to sequences slightly different from the target sequence.

None of that can happen, however, if the nucleotide building blocks of DNA have been depleted from the cell.

Mature miRNAs are short RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides in length, derived from a multi-step process that begins with longer RNA fragments called primary miRNAs (pri - miRNAs).

Samani and his colleagues analyzed more than 500,000 genetic variations (naturally occurring, single - nucleotide differences) spanning the genome in blood cells collected from almost 3,000 people.

They got a big surprise: Although Neandertals differ from modern humans at an average of 202 nucleotide positions in the mitochondrial genome, the Denisova hominin differed at an average of 385 positions from modern humans and 376 from Neandertals, the team reports online today in Nature.

His goal was to measure how the sequence of nucleotides — the DNA building blocks of genes — differed from animal to animal.

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers that plays several important roles in the processes that translate genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into protein products;

Pasek and Gull also explained that even life today builds from activated nucleotides and that phosphates are still an important part of metabolic processes in biological life, so it is likely that a phosphorylated biomolecule played an important part in creating the prebiotic chemical context from which biological life emerged.

Now scientists from the UNC School of Medicine have confirmed and clarified key molecular details of one of these repair systems, known as nucleotide excision repair.

From beetles collected at 27 sites in Alberta and British Columbia, they looked for any patterns amongst their catalog of 1536 mutations (single - nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs).

We further assessed ILS using insertions and deletions (indels)(69), because they have less homoplasy (convergence) than single nucleotides (SM9), and unlike gene trees, indels can be examined as discrete characters mapped to a reference tree without the added inference of constructing trees from them.

Some of the differences among studies could arise from gene tree incongruence, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) of those genes (29, 31), nucleotide base composition biases (19), differences between data types (32, 33), or insufficient data (34, 35).

Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences found at the end of chromosomes which protect them from deteriorating during the process of replication.

Scientists at King's College London have found that people who have previously suffered from acne are likely to have longer telomeres (the protective repeated nucleotides found at the end of chromosomes) in their white blood cells, meaning their cells could be better protected against aging.

To get a clearer picture of the settlement patterns, David Reich of Harvard Medical School in Boston and his colleagues compared DNA from 52 Native American populations across Canada, Greenland and Central and Southern America, focusing on variations called single - nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein - coding and non-coding regions across the genome.

«To claim ancestry, we would have to show a mechanism by which these nucleotides we made in the lab could turn into the existing nucleotides in RNA,» said Ram Krishnamurthy, Hud's collaborator from the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.

To identify new genetic variations associated with different SLE phenotypes, a total of 598,258 different regions on the genome (known as single - nucleotide polymorphisms) were genotyped in a population of 482 Caucasian European SLE patients of Spanish origin recruited from the rheumatology departments of 15 Spanish university hospitals belonging to the IMID Consortium (SLE group).