The aim of this study was to illustrate the
minimum number of measurements needed to determine annual mass balance accurately from field measurements alone.
With the new method, a much
smaller number of measurements could do the same job, and substantially larger systems, previously inaccessible, could be studied.
A
sufficient number of measurements describes a probability function around the correct value, and the more measurements you make the tighter the bounds of that probability, the higher the accuracy.
The annual balance in meters of water equivalent determined from field measurements networks of varying
number of measurement sites on Columbia Glacier.
We had the advantage of already understanding the overall mass balance pattern of each glacier in selecting measurement networks that would provide the most representative coverage for the glacier given the total
number of measurements in each sample (Pelto, 1996; Miller and Pelto, 1999).
A Whole New Dimension to Space In everyday life the number of dimensions refers to the minimum
number of measurements required to specify the position of an object, such as latitude, longitude and altitude.
The idea is to perform an extremely large
number of measurements at A and B and extract the small fraction in which the EEG signals caused changes to the settings at A and B after the particles departed their original position but before they arrived and were measured..
The results on both glaciers indicate significant improvement in accuracy resulting from increasing the total
number of measurements from 1 to 4 points / km2 on Lemon Creek Glacier and 12 to 46 points / km2 on Columbia Glacier.
In an examination of the error in mass balance measurements using different sampling densities, it was noted on the Columbia Glacier that the total
number of measurements necessary to achieve consistent accuracy within +0.10 was 40 points (Pelto, 2000).
They plan to use synthetic human clicks to investigate how these sounds can reveal the physical features of objects;
the number of measurements required for such studies would be impractical to ask from human volunteers.
A negative encoding value typically requires phase - sensitive sources and detectors, multiple detectors, or taking twice
the number of measurements in order to create the image.
The expedition was mandated to gather
a number of measurements necessary for the design and...
The expedition was mandated to gather
a number of measurements necessary for the design and conception phase of the station.
Then, when combined with
the number of measurements and uncertainties induces by thermal eddies and ocean mixture, it is seems unlikely to me that measurements can tease out the true OHC.
Thanks in part to the information the Challenger scientists collected, they could select only the most reliable soundings, reducing
the number of measurements to 150 - 250, depending on the depth.
The number of measurement sites used and their density in km2 in mass balance studies on selected glaciers: In Switzerland (A)(Aellen, 1988), by the United States Geological Survey (U)(Meier et al., 1971), by the Norges Vassdrags - Elektrissen (N)(Pytte, 1969), and by the North Cascade Glacier Climate Project (P).
The impact of
the number of measurements is examined in The Impact of Sampling Density on Mass Balance.
Llboutry (1974) and Cogley et al (1996 and 1999) and Fountain and Vecchia (1999) have approached this problem from a statistical standpoint and found that
the number of measurement points can be fairly low 5 - 10 points / km2, but that the overall pattern of mass balance must be known.
The number of measurement sites used and their density in km2 in mass balance studies on selected glaciers: In Switzerland (A)(Herren, Hoelze, and Maisch, 1999), by the Canadian Inland Water Directorate (C)(Young and Ommanney, 1984) by the United States Geological Survey (UW)(Krimmel: 1998)(UA)(March and Trabant, 1995), by the Norges Vassdrags - Elektrissen (N)(Østrem et al. 1980), and by the North Cascade Glacier Climate Project (P)(Pelto, 1996).
Depending on the amount of mining in the impacted watersheds, the quality of existing baseline data, and
the number of measurements taken during and after the flood, scientists may not find a «smoking gun» directly linking the severity of this flood event with MTR mining.
The fewer
the number of measurements the more negative the annual balance calculated.