Meteorological station data provide a useful indication of temperature change in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics for a few decades prior to 1880, and there are a small
number of station records that extend back to previous centuries.
Figure 2 shows
the number of station records available for each month in both the existing GHCN - Monthly data (used as the basis for reconstructions by GISTemp / NCDC / CRUTEM) and the new Berkeley data.
Though not shown on that plot, the number of records that have been added to the GHCN database for 2000 - 2005 are roughly equivalent to
the number of station records available from the 1920s.
Not exact matches
Nalerigu constituency
recorded the highest
number of polling
stations pegged at 36 followed by Tamale South 31.
He said quite often than not, the
number of registered party members the CPP have, does not show up to vote during national elections, thereby making the party
record single digits at some polling
stations.
That comes amid a growing
number of horror stories about people being stuck in packed, non-air-conditioned trains — and the MTA responding by offering free books in subway
stations or nixing
recorded explanations for train delays with live updates from MTA staffers on trains.
If the GHCN's collection is treated as a more or less complete accounting
of the available instrumental temperature
record, then the
number of stations rose steadily during the first half
of the twentieth century, surged in the 1940s - 1970s, and then sharply declined afterward.
(I also note on the graphic how many possible
records there were in a given month, which is roughly the
number of stations times the
number of days in the month.)
Since most
stations don't have a continuous
record from 1885 - present, the
number of stations will in general decline as you go back or forward in time from the 1950 - 1981 baseline period.
If the GHCN's collection is treated as a more or less complete accounting
of the available instrumental temperature
record, then the
number of stations rose steadily during the first half
of the twentieth century, surged in the 1940s - 1970s, and then sharply declined afterward.
The lower panel shows how many
of the selected
stations actually reported data for any given year (variations in
station record - lengths, data «gaps», etc. mean that the
number of stations reporting data for any given year will vary.)
Secondly, through the copious use
of station weather data, a
number of single
station records with long term cooling trends are shown.
There are a finite
number of temperature
recording stations and these are placed around the Earth in an heterogeneous manner.
The Berkeley Earth dataset contains
records for nearly 40,000
stations, i.e., more than 5 times the
number of stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network.
One rare region which has a large
number of rural
stations with relatively long and complete
records is the U.S.
It seems to me that with thousands
of station changes and millions
of observations that changes resulting in warmer
recordings would be offset by a more or less equal
number of changes resulting in cooler
recordings.
We found that the U.S. components included a relatively high
number of rural
stations with long
records, making them somewhat reliable.
However, there are only 50 states, and this is a
number that isn't large enough to give the best statistical results... [a better metric is a] year - by - year
numbers of daily all - time
record high temperatures from a set
of 970 weather
stations with at least 80 years
of record... There are 365 opportunities in each year (366 in leap years) for each
of the 970
stations to set a
record high... Note the several years above 6000 events prior to 1940 and none above 5000 since 1954.
3) The
number of days over the top 10 %
of highest TMax as an anomaly using 19
stations with
records back before 1920.
True — it probably will not have a measurable effect
of atmospheric temperatures per se» but remember a significant
number of temperature measuring
stations are close ground level and these
stations may
record lower temperatures in each locality.
I should have added to my post on New Zealand
stations, that the
record also includes a
number of sub-Antarctic islands — so it is
of more interest than just New Zealand as such
The area
of the circle around each point represents the
number of temperature
records set to date at that
station.
That can be demonstrated any
number of ways: by including
stations that have dropped out
of GHCN; by using only
stations that remain in the
record and by using random subsamples
of the 36,866
stations.
Although the global network nominally contains temperature
records for a large
number of rural
stations, most
of these
records are quite short, or are missing large periods
of data.
The most important issue is whether this drop - off in the
number of reporting weather
stations has had any impact on the temperature
record.
We then see the real culprit in reducing the
number of stations and how this artificially imposed a 0.5 C increase in temperature
records WITHOUT ANY ACTUAL WARMING:
I discovered that the
number of Canadian weather
stations in the GHCN
record peaked around 1970 and then declined sharply, just as shown in D'Aleo & Watts (2009).
Spot checking the reports, almost every one had a single
station in it, and did not have any
records for some
number of years during the period
of 1950 - 2013.
Note however that the
number of stations is based on the
number of unique locations, and not the
number of record fragments.
The small
number of weather
stations in the region with complete
records since 1979 also indicates predominantly below - average temperatures over the past year.
THANKFUL ACKNOLWEDGEMENT: This data is composed from a large
number of station data and icecore
records.
«The figures below indicate a the
number of stations with
record length at least N years as a function
of N, b the
number of reporting
stations as a function
of time, c the percent
of hemispheric area located within 1200 km
of a reporting
station.»
The high proportion
of whole.0 Celsius
recordings is partly due to a large
number of consecutive blocks
of.0 Celsius fractions that appear over months and sometimes years in more than half the temperature
records of all Australian weather
stations.
The
number of weather
stations recording very warm night - time temperatures and the frequency with which these occur has increased since the mid 1970s.
as you do know the
number of volunteers that
recorded the temperature data plus all sorts
of disparate organisations from river
stations and railways don «t you?
They took a small
number of long
station records and compared them to co-located grid points in single realisations
of a few models and correlate their annual and longer term means.
[Response: That's a function
of the
number of stations you evaluate and the
record length at each one.
- The difficulty
of obtaining meaningful global temperature data, due to land use changes, equipment changes, location changes, gaps in
records, varying
station numbers and gaps in geographic coverage.
For each
station, they computed a rough measure
of climate change based on the
number of days in the year on which the
record high was more recent than the
record low.
There have been a
number of studies suggesting that ground - based data is severely compromised by urban heat island effects, inappropriate placement
of monitors that increase
recorded temperatures over what they would have been if the instruments had been properly cited, and the drop - out
of a large
number of rural
stations in the 1970s.
A second version was released in 1997 following extensive efforts to increase the
number of stations and length
of the data
record (Peterson and Vose, 1997).
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