I will say however, that many people who work in this area feel that the combination of the geographic extent and spread,
number of tree species being attacked, and intensity of the attacks, makes the current situation worse than any in recorded history.
«Even with shade coffee
the number of tree species can be reduced by 80 % or more.
In addition,
the number of tree species with fruits was 169 percent higher, and fruiting individuals had 50 percent more of their canopies covered with fruits.
The advantage was persistent: five years after lianas had been removed, the number of canopy trees with fruits was 150 percent higher,
the number of tree species with fruits was 109 higher and fruiting trees had 31 percent more of their canopy covered by fruits.
Not exact matches
Also, why the elimination
of the guidelines for
number of canopy strata, and minimum
number of native
tree species?
Not all
tree species have the same
number of annual growth rings that are active in the movement
of water and mineral nutrients.
«Eucalyptus grandis and a large
number of other tropical
tree species are heat - tolerant, so long as they have an ample supply
of water in the root zone,» Ornstein says.
Daniel Nepstad
of the Woods Hole Research Center in Massachusetts says that the
number of ant
species falls drastically as the
trees are cleared for ranching.
The researchers counted the
number of species of trees on parcels
of land in the Indonesian Borneo rain forest that had been selectively logged for tall
trees, either 1 or 8 years ago.
When an alien
species enters a new ecosystem, it can alter the environment in a
number of ways: by eating native
species (in its 50 years on Guam, the Australian brown
tree snake has eliminated 9
of 13 native bird
species); by spreading disease among them (introduced birds in Hawaii thrive in part because they are far less susceptible to the avian malaria parasite, also an introduced
species, than native birds are); or by altering the environment in such a way that favors themselves (like melaleuca, an Australian
tree that is spreading through the Everglades in part by changing the frequency and intensity
of fires).
But, if this new family
tree holds up, one
species numbers fewer than 5000 individuals, making it one
of the world's more endangered mammals.
In Brazil, for example, among several plots studied as the land recovered from pasture, there was a great deal
of variation in the density
of trees and
number of species present even at just 10 years
of regrowth.
Although the program included a large
number of species across China as a whole, they found that the majority
of individual forests were planted with only one
tree species, such as bamboo, eucalyptus or Japanese cedar.
After counting up
tree species from 1170 research sites studied by hundreds
of scientists, a team extrapolated the
number likely to exist across the entire region.
About 30 years ago, entomologist Terry Erwin
of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum
of Natural History in Washington, D.C., came up with an equation to estimate the
number of insects in the tropics by measuring how much beetles specialize on
tree species.
The study, he says, demonstrates that the painstaking task
of recreating evolutionary family
trees for genera with large
numbers of species is well worth the effort.
The
number of species has declined as the
trees have been cut down and the woodland reduced in size, and overgrazing has prevented natural regeneration.
Students can use the survey data to create bar graphs that show the
numbers of trees of different
species.
There are a large
number of amphibian
species in the world and some
of the
species most commonly kept as pets include the South American horned frogs, tiger salamanders, waxy monkey
tree frog and the African clawed frog.
«There are also a
number of hikes and tours, such as a walk in the Botanical Gardens, where you can find some 500
species of trees, or Jack's Walk in the Botanical Gardens, which offers some
of the best views
of the island once you reach its end.
El Yunque hosts a
number of unique plant and animal
species such as the endangered Puerto Rican parrot and the tiny coquis, an indigenous
tree frog.
Kruger National Park is home to an impressive
number of species: 336
trees, 49 fish, 34 amphibians, 114 reptiles, 507 birds and 147 mammals.
The order is a cosmopolite (plants found throughout most
of the world including desert and frigid zones), and includes mostly herbaceous
species, although a small
number of trees (such as the giant Lobelia and the giant Senecio) and shrubs are also present.
It is also home to a
number of rare and endangered
species, including the southern cassowary and Bennett's
tree - kangaroo.
Climate scientists have been making an inventory
of the world's forests: they have counted more than 1 trillion
trees and
numbered the known
species.
The compound is produced by a
number of species of trees, including those most likely to be grown en masse for bioenergy.
It is
of dubious value to even attempt to consider «
tree growth» in terms solely
of «temperature» and the quantity
of refutation makes worthless the concept
of doing such, regardless
of tree /
species numbers.
In Eastern North America, models for 80
tree species project range expansions for approximately 30
species and an equal
number of range contractions.
Several migratory
tree - living
species of bats were being slaughtered «in unprecedented
numbers» by wind turbines, said the researcher.
Persistent drought conditions have also adversely impacted water - dependent habitats and
species within and downstream
of forest uplands, as evidenced by heightened mortality
of a riparian
tree species in central Arizona [5] and declines in
number of species and densities
of native fish in the Gila River in southwestern New Mexico [6], [7].
There is NOTHING to relate ANY similarity for GRAVITY or «the Theory
of Gravity» to either the «hockey stick» plot or «greenhouse supposition», certainly any such link is NOT found in SCIENCE... My only post to that thread, and that thread (being titled «hockey - stick - is - broken» last (it seems), is reprised here: ------ At April 25, 2006 2:38 AM, Peter K. Anderson a.k.a. Hartlod (tm) said... It is
of dubious value to even attempt to consider «
tree growth» in terms solely
of «temperature» and the quantity
of refutation makes worthless the concept
of doing such, regardless
of tree /
species numbers.
It is widely accepted that aggressive beetle
species overwhelm the
trees» physiological abilities to produce defensive tissues and chemicals by recruiting threshold
numbers of individuals (Christiansen [1985]; Wallin and Raffa [2000], [2004]; Huber et al. [2004]; Franceschi et al. [2005]-RRB-.
Will rapid transitions and
species invasions lead to sudden changes in plant community balance, killing large
numbers of trees or otherwise upsetting the local carbon cycle, and will those disruptions put more CO2 and methane into the air or remove it?
Some
trees in the tropics can sink carbon at a rate
of 40
trees per ton but it is impossible to place an exact
number on tons per
tree since there are too many variables (soil, sunlight,
species, maturity, etc.).
As early as 1958, pioneer ecologists were marking out areas
of forest — usually a hectare in size — and returning every few years to record the size,
number and
species of the
trees found there.
But he says that this phenomena is happening in any
number of various
tree species.
Planting began with more than 70 varieties
of trees, including a
number of endangered native
species such as mahogany, purple heart, and cocobolo rosewood.
Serviceberry: A
number of species of Amalanchier, or serviceberry, are available, with varying heights ranging from shrub - sized to small
tree, and with some producing a delicious blueberry - like fruit after the fragrant white flowers are pollinated.
These
species kill by overwhelming, with coordinated aggression and sheer
numbers, a
tree's defenses, followed by a complete destruction
of the
tree's ability to transport the products
of photosynthesis (e.g. sucrose, amino acids, hormones, etc.) through its transport tissue, the phloem or inner bark.
Because a
tree can recover from some limited
number of beetle attacks — by restoring its carbon balance and / or hydration over time — aggressive
species like the MPB do not allow this to happen.
Also, a good piece on the first attempt to estimate the
number of insect
species dependent on (the energy
of) one
species of tree — http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/howmanysp.htm