Sentences with phrase «numbers of aerosol»

These models focus on small numbers of aerosol properties or processes.

But they have been serious about controlling their work ever since a number of their aerosol tableaus were photographed — without their permission — for a book and an... read more... «David Gonzalez and the rights of graffiti muralists»

We must remember that are a number of aerosol sources that produce particles of this size (about 100 nm or 0.1 micron), including anthropogenic ones.

Increased numbers of aerosols provide additional locations for droplet nucleation and, all else being equal, result in clouds with more and smaller droplets hence being more reflective to solar radiation (a cooling effect).

The degree of spatial heterogeneity can be seen by considering the aerosol optical depth for a number of aerosol species as shown by model results in Figure 4 - 1.

The loss processes for the number of aerosols (deposition and coagulation with bigger particles) are stronger when they're very small.

Not exact matches

Collected materials include (please note, these are estimates, the final numbers are provided by Hazardous Waste Contractor): 13,644 gallons of paint 2800 pounds of Aerosols 660 gallons of flammable liquids 1650 pounds of pesticides 825 gallons of corrosive materials 220 gallons of oxidizers 960 gallons of waste oil 175 gallons of antifreeze Plus mercury, batteries, and gas!

The aerosols create additional seeds around which water vapor can condense, boosting the number of cloud droplets and making the cloud more reflective.

The researchers» next steps are to specify the size of the aerosols as well as quantify the number of droplets released, Deike said.

The results show for the first time for a number of natural compounds, which together account for around 70 per cent of the biological hydrocarbon emissions, how much each compound produces low - volatility products and how they can possibly affect the climate via producing aerosol particles.

By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

A team of scientists led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory atmospheric researcher Dr. Susannah Burrows and collaborator Daniel McCoy, who studies clouds and climate at the University of Washington, reveal how tiny natural particles given off by marine organisms — airborne droplets and solid particles called aerosols — nearly double cloud droplet numbers in the summer, which boosts the amount of sunlight reflected back to space.

The various techniques have been used to confer the existence of significant relations between the number of Sunspots and different terrestrial climate parameters such as rainfall, temperature, dewdrops, aerosol and ENSO etc..

Aldrin et al produce a number of (explicitly Bayesian) estimates, their «main» one with a range of 1.2 ºC to 3.5 ºC (mean 2.0 ºC) which assumes exactly zero indirect aerosol effects, and possibly a more realistic sensitivity test including a small Aerosol Indirect Effect of 1.2 - 4.8 ºC (mean 2aerosol effects, and possibly a more realistic sensitivity test including a small Aerosol Indirect Effect of 1.2 - 4.8 ºC (mean 2Aerosol Indirect Effect of 1.2 - 4.8 ºC (mean 2.5 ºC).

The number of sulphuric aerosols is also influenced by the availability of sulphur in general.

The large scatter suggests that the number of ultra-small aerosols is fairly weakly affected by the number of ions — otherwise all the points would lie close to the diagonal line.

There are an ever increasing number of these «indirect effects», but the two most discussed are the aerosol / cloud opacity interaction (more aerosols provide more sites for water to condense in clouds, thus cloud droplets are smaller and clouds become more opaque), and the cloud lifetime effect (smaller droplets make it more difficult to make drops big enough to rain, and so clouds live longer).

If sulfate aerosols nucleate cloud drops, resulting in a greater number of smaller droplets rather than a few large ones, this will further increase scattering and cooling.

Over even longer time scales (hundreds of years) there are a number of paleo - records that correlate with records of cosmogenic isotopes (particularly 10Be and 14C), however, these records are somewhat modulated by climate processes themselves (the carbon cycle in the case of 14C, aerosol deposition and transport processes for 10Be) and so don't offer an absolutely clean attribution.

This imbalance is really an important quantity — estimates of how much warming is in the «pipeline», the size of the aerosol cooling effect etc. all depend on knowing what this number is.

So go ahead and guess the number of corporate - media references to ongoing geoengineering aerosols sponging up the remaining moisture over North America's gasping western seaboard...

It's true they could have inserted more aerosols, less forcing or done any number of things before that.

Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation.

These vary by a factor of about three (1.5 ° to 4.5 °C for a doubling of CO2), so we can assume that whatever numbers the models are using for aerosols, they vary by a factor of three as well.

To evaluate the global effects of aerosols on the direct radiative balance, tropospheric chemistry, and cloud properties of the earth's atmosphere requires high - precision remote sensing that is sensitive to the aerosol optical thickness, size istribution, refractive index, and number density.

Given our very short and spotty data on the relative abundance (or importance) of the majority of these aerosols, and given our very poor understanding of the direct, indirect, and side effects of the majority of these aerosols, any numbers that anyone generates about their abundance, importance, or total radiative forcing are going to be a SWAG.

And even if they had a good handle on the effects of aerosol concentrations, no one agrees on the actual numbers for aerosol concentrations or production.

Climate models that include these aerosol - cloud interactions fail to include a number of buffering responses, such as rainfall scavenging of the aerosols and compensating dynamical effects (which would reduce the magnitude of the aci cooling effect).

The parameterization of the interactions are at all levels; from estimation of the geometric characterization of the aerosols, to the numbers of particles, to connections with several important aspects of clouds, and finally to the interactions with radiative energy transport.

«When eruptions are powerful enough to reach the stratosphere (18 km or more above the surface at the equator), these sulphate aerosols can stay aloft for a number of years and have a strong cooling effect on the climate.»

Sun spot count is very questionable per Lief Svalgaard and volcanic aerosols could impact the accuracy of earlier sun spot numbers.

Our model's sensitivity has varied over the years as a function of a number of issues — and we have not adjusted our aerosol forcings to match.

It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ∼ 102 — 103 cm − 3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1 — 10 mg / m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10 %.

The problems of the environment and development are interrelated — biodiversity, population, land use changes and emissions of different gases and aerosols across a number of sectors.

It amazes me on a daily basis the number of educated professional intelligent people who flat out refuse to even consider the possibility that aerosols are being released in the sky above our heads.

A number of climate modeling studies support their finding [Santer et al, 2006; Booth et al, 2012; Evan, 2012; Dunstone et al, 2013], though the precise role that anthropogenic aerosols have played in recent decades continues to be debated in the literature [Koch et al, 2011; Carslaw et al, 2013; Stevens, 2013].»

However, given that the CAGW position doesn't rest on specific numbers, but is instead an unorganized collection of anecdotal evidence, coupled with heavily - tweaked computer models, unfounded assumptions about positive feedbacks, and a healthy imagination about possible future disasters, a lower warming number for the 20th century will simply be brushed over with claims about aerosols being stronger than previously thought, more warming still waiting in the «pipeline» or similar ad hoc «explanations» that keep the overall story alive.

temperature, other climatic variables, and concentrations of aerosols and trace gases; and (2) making raw and processed atmospheric measurements accessible in a form that enables a number of different groups to replicate and experiment with the processing of the more widely disseminated data sets such as the MSU tropospheric temperature record.

2) There are errors in the assumed forcings, such as: a) AR5 let stratospheric aerosol concentration go to zero after 2000 (a sure way to prod the models into higher predictions), but it actually increased for the next 10 years «probably due to a large number of small volcanic eruptions».

• biological aerosol seeding of clouds (phytoplankton and forests releasing isoprenes, Lovelock, Makarieva / Gorshkov), • and the «biotic pump hypothesis» (Makarieva / Gorshkov) •... among others... In addition, AGW - theory advocates systematically downplay the number and contribution of damping / stabilizing (or «negative») feedbacks (both of heat and CO2) in the global climate system — most implicated directly or indirectly with the activities of life, as illustrated in point # 3.

As we (and a number of other mainstream news outlets) reported, Robert Kaufmann and colleagues analysed the impact of growing coal use, particularly in China, and the cooling effect of the sulphate aerosol particles emitted into the atmosphere.

In particular, increases in the number of small particles (called aerosols) in the atmosphere regionally offset and mask the greenhouse effect, and stratospheric ozone depletion contributes to cooling of the upper troposphere and stratosphere.fr2], fr3]

Based on Monte Carlo simulations and considering experimental designs with a fixed budget for the number of simulations that modeling centers can perform, the most accurate estimate of historical greenhouse gas — induced warming is obtained with a design using a combination of all - forcings, natural forcings — only, and aerosol forcing — only simulations.

Let's also say the contribution from aerosols is zero (it should be some small negative number since they were increasing, and the net effect of aerosols is cooling, but we'll ignore for this analysis).

a) decreases («dimming») until the 1980s, because atmospheric pollutants (aerosols) make the atmosphere more reflective and also clouds, by increasing the number of water droplets in the clouds, which in turn increases the amount of sunlight reflected, and subsequent

In this way the CCN measures activated ambient aerosol particle number concentration as a function of supersaturation.

The size and concentration of aerosol particles is also of great importance for the number of cloud drops, which in turn influences the reflection characteristics of clouds.

The indirect aerosol effect may include increased cloud brightness, as aerosols lead to a larger number of smaller cloud droplets (the so - called Twomey effect), and increased cloud cover, as smaller droplets inhibit rainfall and increase cloud lifetime.

An increase in aerosols of similar hygroscopicity leads to an increase in cloud droplet number concentration that reduces the precipitation efficiency for warm clouds.

The authors examine various potential causes of aerosol increases and identify a number of small volcanoes over the last decade as the most plausible source.