Sentences with phrase «observational evidence from»

Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.

Riess, A. G. et al., Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant, Astronomical Journal 116, 1009 (1998).

Not exact matches

This type of dating is not derived from empirical evidence but merely an interpretation of observational science.

Strong evidence from observational studies has shown that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

On the evidence side, I know that the evidence primarily comes from observational studies, and there are methodological issues with measuring dose and duration of breastfeeding particularly after the introduction of complementary foods, however the evidence is fairly consistent in showing a reduction in gastrointestinal, respiratory and ear infections (see «Breastfeeding and maternal and infant outcomes in developed countries» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764214).

Because of these challenges, the bulk of evidence for hydrotherapy during second stage comes from non-randomized studies, we call this observational research.

Interventions to improve breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration are based on extensive evidence from both observational and intervention studies of short - and long - term health benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and infants.13 — 15 Nevertheless, to our knowledge none of previous studies has systematically examined whether the increases in breastfeeding resulting from such interventions have equally benefited all socioeconomic groups.

Observational evidence demonstrates that exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age compared to mixed breastfeeding from three to four months of age reduces the risk of gastrointestinal infection in both developing and developed countries.

Some barriers include the negative attitudes of women and their partners and family members, as well as health care professionals, toward breastfeeding, whereas the main reasons that women do not start or give up breastfeeding are reported to be poor family and social support, perceived milk insufficiency, breast problems, maternal or infant illness, and return to outside employment.2 Several strategies have been used to promote breastfeeding, such as setting standards for maternity services3, 4 (eg, the joint World Health Organization — United Nations Children's Fund [WHO - UNICEF] Baby Friendly Initiative), public education through media campaigns, and health professionals and peer - led initiatives to support individual mothers.5 — 9 Support from the infant's father through active participation in the breastfeeding decision, together with a positive attitude and knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding, has been shown to have a strong influence on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in observational studies, 2,10 but scientific evidence is not available as to whether training fathers to manage the most common lactation difficulties can enhance breastfeeding rates.

In addition, there was no effect on breastfeeding duration when the pacifier was introduced at 1 month of age.280 A more recent systematic review found that the highest level of evidence (ie, from clinical trials) does not support an adverse relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.281 The association between shortened duration of breastfeeding and pacifier use in observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifier.

But she concludes: «Ultimately, the role of diet in MS is an actively evolving area of research that will be further enriched by complementary evidence derived from a combination of interventional as well as high quality longitudinal observational studies.»

Much more solid evidence for dark matter came from Vera Rubin, an observational astronomer, who in the late 1960s and early 1970s made detailed quantitative measurements of stars rotating in galaxies.

He concludes, «Mounting evidence from ecological and observational studies, as well as studies of mechanisms, indicates that the Western dietary pattern — especially the large amount of meat in that diet — is strongly associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and several other chronic diseases.

Only one country had implemented standardized packaging at the time of this review, so evidence that tobacco use prevalence may have decreased following standardized packaging comes from one large observational study.

Since the last American Cancer Society (ACS) breast cancer screening update for average - risk women was published in 2003, new evidence has accumulated from long - term follow - up of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of organized, population - based screening programs.

This is the first direct observational evidence that at least some of the earliest so - called «dead» galaxies — where star formation stopped — somehow evolve from a Milky Way - shaped disk into the giant elliptical galaxies we see today.

Observational evidence for the Big Bang includes the analysis of the spectrum of light from galaxies, which reveal a shift towards longer wavelengths proportional to each galaxy's distance in a relationship described by Hubble's law.

«So far,» says Miller, «there is no observational evidence for any departure from Einstein's theory.»

«Astrophysicists have been collecting observational evidence for both stellar mass black holes and supermassive black holes for decades, but even though we think the largest ones grow from the smallest ones, we've never really had clear evidence for a black hole with a mass in between those extremes,» she added.

«The take - home message from this study... is that the... IPCC AR5... ECS and... TCR... are out of line with instrumental - period observational evidence.

A claim that the universe has a preferred direction is not supported by recent observational evidence, according to three astronomers who analyzed data from the Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico and the WM Keck Telescope in Hawaii.

While nearly all the evidence linking physical activity to cancer risk comes from observational studies — people whose physical activity is followed for diagnoses of cancer — the placebo effect can not be denied.

«It has been proposed, mainly on the basis of observational studies, that nuts may provide superior satiation, may lead to reduced calorie consumption,... but evidence from randomized, interventional studies is lacking.»

CONCLUSIONS: Controlled trials and observational studies provide concordant evidence that consumption of TFA from partially hydrogenated oils adversely affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors and contributes significantly to increased risk of CHD events.

The only human evidence so far is an observational study from Harvard showing that women who ate salad dressings with vinegar had a reduced risk of heart disease (20).

And when the rigorous evidence is available from randomized controlled trials, often the results are at odds with the findings of the observational studies,» explains Dr. JoAnn Manson, chief of preventive medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and principal investigator of a large randomized trial known as VITAL (Vitamin D and Omega - 3 Trial).

First, most of the evidence regarding the disease effects of carbohydrate to fat ratio is derived from epidemiological and observational studies because it is difficult to address disease endpoints through clinical trials.

«This diet study is much better than purely observational ones, but it is far from one that provides definitive evidence,» Dr. David Knopman, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, said by email.

Dr. R's Fast Facts Vitamin K Studies to Note: The Role of Vitamin K Status in Cardiovascular Health: Evidence from Observational and Clinical Studies.

These comprehensive juxtapositions between on - the - scene and off - the - cuff moments reveal an inherent contradiction between filmmaker and subject; while the team members claim they work from evidence first, then reach conclusions, Chevigny and Kauffman have set out to make a hagiographic observational documentary that is more interested in putting a human face on an organization than it is operating with a more rigorous, journalistic precision.

For example, many states have adopted the research - backed Teaching Strategies GOLD assessment, which prompts teachers to collect observational data ranging from children's physical and social - emotional development to their literacy and math skills.Do - Hong Kim, Richard G. Lambert, and Diane C. Burts, «Evidence of the Validity of Teaching Strategies GOLD ® Assessment Tool for English Language Learners and Children with Disabilities,» Early Education and Development 24 (2013): 574 — 595, doi: 10.1080 / 10409289.2012.701500; Teaching Strategies, Teaching Strategies GOLD Assessment System: A Technical Summary, 2013.

In the end, what can be more fairly and appropriately asserted from this research report is that the Marzano model is indeed correlated with value - added estimates, and their correlation coefficients fall right in line with all other correlation coefficients evidenced via other current studies on this topic, again, whereby researchers have correlated multiple observational models with multiple value - added estimates.

Accordingly, even though their data for this part of this study come from one district, their findings are similar to others evidenced in the «Widget Effect» report; hence, there are still likely educational measurement (and validity) issues on both ends (i.e., with using such observational rubrics as part of America's reformed teacher evaluation systems and using survey methods to put into check these systems, overall).

Mike's work, like that of previous award winners, is diverse, and includes pioneering and highly cited work in time series analysis (an elegant use of Thomson's multitaper spectral analysis approach to detect spatiotemporal oscillations in the climate record and methods for smoothing temporal data), decadal climate variability (the term «Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation» or «AMO» was coined by Mike in an interview with Science's Richard Kerr about a paper he had published with Tom Delworth of GFDL showing evidence in both climate model simulations and observational data for a 50 - 70 year oscillation in the climate system; significantly Mike also published work with Kerry Emanuel in 2006 showing that the AMO concept has been overstated as regards its role in 20th century tropical Atlantic SST changes, a finding recently reaffirmed by a study published in Nature), in showing how changes in radiative forcing from volcanoes can affect ENSO, in examining the role of solar variations in explaining the pattern of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age, the relationship between the climate changes of past centuries and phenomena such as Atlantic tropical cyclones and global sea level, and even a bit of work in atmospheric chemistry (an analysis of beryllium - 7 measurements).

Whether there is a divide between weather and climate scientists out in the field, the meteorological society's official 2007 statement on climate change very clearly accepted that people are jogging the system: «[S] trong observational evidence and results from modeling studies indicate that, at least over the last 50 years, human activities are a major contributor to climate change.»

The disagreement arises from different assessments of the value and importance of particular classes of evidence as well as disagreement about the appropriate logical framework for linking and assessing the evidence — my reasoning is weighted heavily in favor of observational evidence and understanding of natural internal variability of the climate system, whereas the IPCC's reasoning is weighted heavily in favor of climate model simulations and external forcing of climate change.

I implied that such evidence would consist of copies of all the processed data used in Forest 2006 for the computation of the error r2 statistic produced by each diagnostic; a copy of all computer code used for subsequent computation and interpolation; and the code used to generate both the CSF 2005 and the Forest 2006 processed MIT model, observational and AOGCM control - run data from the raw data, including all ancillary data used.

«Yesterday Curry made this total BS claim in a failed attempt to differentiate herself from the IPCC: «my reasoning is weighted heavily in favor of observational evidence»

I am intrigued by the Holland paper and the concept deserves further examination, but it long way from being based on conclusive observational evidence that it is the cause of Jakobshavn Isbrae thinning.

Observational data, evidence from field experiments, and quantitative modeling are the evidence base of the negative effects of extreme weather events on crop yield: early spring heat waves followed by normal frost events have been shown to decimate Midwest fruit crops; heat waves during flowering, pollination, and grain filling have been shown to significantly reduce corn and wheat yields; more variable and intense spring rainfall has delayed spring planting in some years and can be expected to increase erosion and runoff; and floods have led to crop losses.4, 5,6,7

Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010 «Here we present observationally based evidence of clear - sky CO2 surface radiative forcing that is directly attributable to the increase, between 2000 and 2010, of 22 parts per million atmospheric CO2.»

The refusal in AR5 to accept the implications of the best observational evidence and of the over-estimation of warming by the climate models and accordingly to either: reject the ensemble of GCM projections; use projections from a subset of GCMs with ECS and TCR values fairly close to the best observational estimates; or scale all GCM projections to reflect those estimates is unscientific.

What we have here, in your post, is even more outrageous science fraud from the HockeyStick team supporters — not content with eliminating the MWP and LIA they are now attempting to eliminate the Holocene Maximum against all observational evidence to the contrary.

Steve, you write «c) The observational record is still too short to constrain climate sensitivity (in part because of lack of knowledge about some of the forcings), so weakening evidence from this record doesn't change the result.»

«Observational evidence of decadal change in cloud cover is seen in a 2009 study by Amy Clements and colleagues using surface observation of clouds from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS).

I think it much preferable to combine evidence from all lines of observational evidence and to use an appropriate uninformative prior than to use a supposedly expert prior.

Fred, I completely disagree about the relative strength of evidence as to climate sensitivity from simulations by AOCGMs (Chapter 8 of WG1 «Climate Models and Their Evaluation») and from observational evidence that is either direct or intermediated through simple Energy Balance Models.

Fundamental uncertainties arise from insufficient observational evidence, disagreements over how to interpret data, and how to set the parameters of models.

Judith, is the distinction Nic makes above between evidence for climate sensitivity «from simulations by AOCGMs... and from observational evidence that is either direct or intermediated through simple Energy Balance Models» relevant to this «structural uncertainty»?

Indeed, strong observational evidence and results from modeling studies indicate that, at least over the last 50 years, human activities are a major contributor to climate change.Direct human impact is through changes in the concentration of certain trace gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor, known collectively as greenhouse gases.