Sentences with phrase «observational evidence in»

For Americans, right scientific method was empirical, inductive, and required weighing observational evidence in light of alternative explanatory possibilities.

Theoretical calculations are well confirmed by observational evidence in the atmosphere of Earth.

Similar ideas have also addressed the possibility of a fainter young Sun, but direct observational evidence in the geological record is currently lacking, making it the subject of debate among scientists.

Not exact matches

The first real observational evidence of the Earth's motion came in 1729 with the discovery of the «aberration of starlight.»

On the evidence side, I know that the evidence primarily comes from observational studies, and there are methodological issues with measuring dose and duration of breastfeeding particularly after the introduction of complementary foods, however the evidence is fairly consistent in showing a reduction in gastrointestinal, respiratory and ear infections (see «Breastfeeding and maternal and infant outcomes in developed countries» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764214).

I didn't see any evidence (1) actually connecting the former to the latter, (2) that the differences at birth are lasting, (3) that the purported diseases associated with the microbiome in adulthood are the same ones associated with c - section (the author cites obesity, but we know that those observational studies re: c - section and obesity are deeply flawed by confounding)(4) that the «microbiotic» benefit of vaginal birth exists regardless of maternal health and matenral microbiome.

Interventions to improve breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration are based on extensive evidence from both observational and intervention studies of short - and long - term health benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and infants.13 — 15 Nevertheless, to our knowledge none of previous studies has systematically examined whether the increases in breastfeeding resulting from such interventions have equally benefited all socioeconomic groups.

It is considered the lowest form of evidence, ranked far below randomized trials and observational studies, which in this case all suggest that cry - it - out is not harmful.

Observational evidence demonstrates that exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age compared to mixed breastfeeding from three to four months of age reduces the risk of gastrointestinal infection in both developing and developed countries.

Because our study was a purely observational study, spitting up was defined as the presence of any visible regurgitation in the oropharynx of formula accompanied by evidence of increased respiratory effort (including coughing or sputtering) that was clinically worrisome to the caregiver.

Some barriers include the negative attitudes of women and their partners and family members, as well as health care professionals, toward breastfeeding, whereas the main reasons that women do not start or give up breastfeeding are reported to be poor family and social support, perceived milk insufficiency, breast problems, maternal or infant illness, and return to outside employment.2 Several strategies have been used to promote breastfeeding, such as setting standards for maternity services3, 4 (eg, the joint World Health Organization — United Nations Children's Fund [WHO - UNICEF] Baby Friendly Initiative), public education through media campaigns, and health professionals and peer - led initiatives to support individual mothers.5 — 9 Support from the infant's father through active participation in the breastfeeding decision, together with a positive attitude and knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding, has been shown to have a strong influence on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in observational studies, 2,10 but scientific evidence is not available as to whether training fathers to manage the most common lactation difficulties can enhance breastfeeding rates.

In addition, there was no effect on breastfeeding duration when the pacifier was introduced at 1 month of age.280 A more recent systematic review found that the highest level of evidence (ie, from clinical trials) does not support an adverse relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.281 The association between shortened duration of breastfeeding and pacifier use in observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifieIn addition, there was no effect on breastfeeding duration when the pacifier was introduced at 1 month of age.280 A more recent systematic review found that the highest level of evidence (ie, from clinical trials) does not support an adverse relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.281 The association between shortened duration of breastfeeding and pacifier use in observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifiein observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifier.

But the observational studies (comparing like with like in both settings) have increasingly strong evidence and the authors are recommending adding that in a review of PHB.

Background: Observational evidence suggests that having been breastfed in infancy may reduce the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in later life.

But she concludes: «Ultimately, the role of diet in MS is an actively evolving area of research that will be further enriched by complementary evidence derived from a combination of interventional as well as high quality longitudinal observational studies.»

Much more solid evidence for dark matter came from Vera Rubin, an observational astronomer, who in the late 1960s and early 1970s made detailed quantitative measurements of stars rotating in galaxies.

We know it exists by the extensive observational evidence of its gravitational effects in the cosmos.

He concludes, «Mounting evidence from ecological and observational studies, as well as studies of mechanisms, indicates that the Western dietary pattern — especially the large amount of meat in that diet — is strongly associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and several other chronic diseases.

Observational evidence of the importance of grandmas in historical populations lends some weight to the idea, not to mention a warm and fuzzy feeling.

The new findings are observational evidence supporting the idea that icy bodies are also present in other planetary systems, and have survived throughout the history of the star's evolution.

Since the last American Cancer Society (ACS) breast cancer screening update for average - risk women was published in 2003, new evidence has accumulated from long - term follow - up of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of organized, population - based screening programs.

Observational evidence to confirm the idea that the universe had a very dense beginning came in October 1965, with the discovery of a faint background of microwaves throughout space.

In an accompanying editorial, Anna Alisi, PhD, of the Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy, and Pietro Vajro, MD, of the Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, «Scuola Medica Salernitana,» Unit of Pediatrics, University of Salerno, Baronissi (Sa), Italy, commented, «This elegant observational study by Ayonrinde and colleagues is the first epidemiological evidence for the connection between maternal obesity, breastfeeding, and NAFLD.»

Observational evidence for the Big Bang includes the analysis of the spectrum of light from galaxies, which reveal a shift towards longer wavelengths proportional to each galaxy's distance in a relationship described by Hubble's law.

The next most important observational evidence was the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964.

Ueda explains: «For the first time there is observational evidence for merging galaxies that could result in disc galaxies.

But now one of the teams involved in the debate has produced the best observational evidence yet that there is more to red shifts than meets the eye.

«It's incredibly exciting to think there is even a chance that actual observational evidence for a multiverse might be found in our lifetimes,» says Alan Guth, a cosmologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, who was not involved in the study.

The team also presented the first observational evidence that WASP - 33b's atmosphere contains titanium oxide, one of only a few compounds that is a strong absorber of visible and ultraviolet radiation and capable of remaining in gaseous form in an atmosphere as hot as this one.

«The underlying causes need to be investigated to help to identify practices and strategies to increase women's influence on and contributions to the evidence that will determine future healthcare policies and standards of clinical practice,» Giovanni Filardo, PhD, MPH, and his co-authors wrote in the paper, titled «Trends and comparison of female first authorship in high impact medical journals: observational study (1994 - 2014).»

«Mounting observational evidence with ALMA, however, has helped to reshape that story and continues to push back the time at which truly massive galaxies first emerged in the universe.»

British and Spanish astronomers have obtained the first observational evidence that galaxies are oriented not randomly, but in a pattern that accords with the web of dark matter that surrounds them.

Although reanalysis of the available evidence is important, the ability to properly control for bias and confounding [factors that can influence outcomes] in observational studies is often limited, and without randomized controlled trials specifically designed to test the hypothesis, the issue of nonspecific effects of vaccines may remain subject to continuing debate.»

Vilenkin put aside his bubble hypothesis for a while, but he could not resist revisiting it when observational evidence for inflation emerged in 2003.

But researchers recently combined the results of 15 observational studies in a meta - analysis conducted in the U.S., Europe and several developing nations involving over 53,000 homosexual men to determine if any evidence for protection exists.

«They are the first to provide compelling observational evidence for these objects being the remnants of bigger galaxies,» says Elena Gallo at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

Until now, there was no observational evidence that dark matter actually clumps this way, raising concerns that our understanding of the cosmos was flawed in a fundamental way.

It's all very well to have a theory and simulations suggesting it should be true, but real observational evidence is great,» said Curtis Struck, a professor of astrophysics at Iowa State University in Ames and co-author on the paper.

[6] Bernstein and Trilling et al. have found evidence that the observed rapid decline in objects of 100 km or more in radius beyond 50 AU is a real decline in the number of objects, and not just an observational effect.

«Astrophysicists have been collecting observational evidence for both stellar mass black holes and supermassive black holes for decades, but even though we think the largest ones grow from the smallest ones, we've never really had clear evidence for a black hole with a mass in between those extremes,» she added.

4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of The Second Kolkata Conference on Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe», ed.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of The Second Kolkata Conference on Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe», ed.

Recent observational and modelling evidence thus provides strong additional support for the combined water vapour - lapse rate feedback being around the strength found in AOGCMs.

A claim that the universe has a preferred direction is not supported by recent observational evidence, according to three astronomers who analyzed data from the Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico and the WM Keck Telescope in Hawaii.

«This is the first direct observational evidence where we can see the effect of the black hole on the star formation history of the galaxy,» co-author Jean Brodie, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said in a press release.

Although no observational evidence has yet been found for such structures, this remains an active area of research, in which interest has revived since it was discovered that very similar objects would be predicted by many cosmological scenarios based on fundamental string theory.

Observational evidence indicates that the frequency of the heaviest rainfall events has likely increased within many land regions in general agreement with model simulations that indicate that rainfall in the heaviest events is likely to increase in line with atmospheric water vapour concentration.

There is evidence in satellite and radiosonde data and in observational data for poleward expansion of the tropical circulation by as much as a few degrees of latitude since the 1970s [34]--[35], but natural variability may have contributed to that expansion [36].

Observational and epidemiological evidence has shown higher rates of atherosclerosis in people with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori infections (23, 24).

Based on 2 observational studies in individuals with documented atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, there is LIMITED EVIDENCE that intake of trans fats is associated with atherosclerosis, which is the main cause of coronary heart disease [47,48].