Sentences with phrase «observational studies where»

In a clinical trial, the study controls the dietary intake, which is more complicated than in observational studies where the participants control their own diet.

Not exact matches

«The term can refer to theological accounts of the world as God's creation; or to philosophical reflection on the categories of space and time; or to observational and theoretical study of the structure and evolution of the physical universe; or, finally, to «world views»: unified imaginative perceptions of how the world seems and where we stand in it» (Tracy and Lash, vii).

Although not directly comparable, our findings are in broad agreement with those from routine data in Scotland that have indicated a positive association between Baby Friendly accreditation, but not certification, and breastfeeding at 1 week of age.17 Our findings reinforce those of Coutinho and colleagues who reported that high exclusive breastfeeding rates achieved in Brazilian hospitals implementing staff training with the course content of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative were short - lived and not sustained at home unless implemented in combination with post-natal home visits.35 Similarly in Italy, training of staff with an adapted version of the Baby Friendly course content resulted in high breastfeeding rates at discharge, with a rapid decrease in the days after leaving hospital.36 In contrast, a cluster randomized trial in Belarus (PROBIT) found an association between an intervention modelled on the Baby Friendly Initiative with an increased duration of breastfeeding37 an association also reported from an observational study in Germany.38 Mothers in Belarus stay in hospital post-partum for 6 — 7 days, and in Germany for 5 days, with post-natal support likely to be particularly important in countries where mothers stay in the hospital for a shorter time, with early discharge likely to limit the influence of a hospital - based intervention.

Janssen et al 2009: Section III, Cohort and Population - Based Observational Studies, proves to be where the meat is.

The liquid water habitable zone provides the best observational constraint on where we would expect to find planets that could support conscious observers like us, and this study examines the probability of finding oneself on a planet in the habitable zone of a yellow dwarf star, compared to a red dwarf.

«This is an observational study, where it is very hard to control for all the possible confounders.

G.Battaglia comments «Qualitatively this is in agreement with the observational findings of this study, where we found remnants of cannibalized dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way.»

This was a cross-sectional study, meaning it was a type of observational study design where the outcome and the exposures in the study participants are measured at the same time.

It is important to note that results of recent studies of the observational sea level budget are not truly global, but are limited to the region where all three observing systems are valid.

The attribution calculation in the IPCC AR5 is based on fingerprint studies, where the spatial patterns of the temperature response of the climate models to various agents are scaled to best reconstruct the temperature record from observational constraints.

The skeptics tend to pick out one aspect where there is perhaps not full agreement and fail to recognize that observations as well as models have shortcomings (witness the recent MSU [Microwave Sounding Unit] report's findings of shortcomings in the observational techniques, etc.)-- and that our best understanding must be based on a coherent integration of the many, many studies into a comprehensive synthesis — and this is what the IPCC assessments (and others) do.

Most observational studies also rest on cross-sectional comparisons where selection bias is difficult to confront.