Sentences with phrase «observational study demonstrates»

Not exact matches

However, in contrast, the observational arm of this study (in which infants were not at high risk of developing atopic disease) did not demonstrate differences in the incidence of atopic dermatitis.

Earlier observational studies had shown a similar impact of ARVs reducing sexual transmission in heterosexual couples, but this was the first to demonstrate the prevention power of the drugs in a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

A recent observational study investigating sex differences in target organ damage, in insulin - resistant patients, demonstrated increased vascular and renal damage in women, who had increased intima - media thickness progression, higher numbers of vascular plaques, and reduced pulse wave velocity compared with men (321).

Its prevalence in healthy males over the age of 40 is demonstrated in observational studies, but there is no agreed upon blood level that defines deficiency.

When performed properly, they allow the least amount of bias and demonstrate causation — unlike lesser - quality study approaches, such as observational studies or case - control studies.

Though many modeling studies have demonstrated the impact of deep water formation changes on the overturning circulation, the observational evidence for such a linkage has been hard to come by for two reasons: (1) Deep water formation is difficult to quantify because the time and locale of production are highly variable from winter to winter, and (2) overturning circulation measures require observations that span the basin, which have been limited in space and time.

Many of the scales demonstrated weak psychometrics in at least one of the following ways: (a) lack of psychometric data [i.e., reliability and / or validity; e.g., HFQ, MASC, PBS, Social Adjustment Scale - Self - Report (SAS - SR) and all perceived self - esteem and self - concept scales], (b) items that fall on more than one subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off scores, yielding high false positive and false negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsivity).

Together, these observational studies have demonstrated that the way in which youths interact and talk with their friends is related to their own behaviors.