Sentences with phrase «observational study on»

The present data were collected within a broader observational study on social support in couples; some results of this study — unrelated to the present research questions — appear in [30].

An observational study on 11,000 men also found that a high vitamin K2 intake was linked to a 63 % lower risk of advanced prostate cancer.

In the recent observational study on wine and longevity, for instance, after the researchers accounted for smoking, gender, and activity level, they found that beer and hard liquor were just as life - extending as wine.

An observational study on consumers» accessing of nutrition information in chain restaurants

We welcome model or observational studies on changes in climate feedback strength or the emergence of new feedbacks; changes in modes of variability; new climate nonlinearities; fundamental climate zone shifts; and qualitatively new impacts on to life emerging in hot or cold climates.

The increase in physical aggression that we described corresponds to the increase reported by observational studies on small samples, 63,64 and the predictors correspond to those observed in studies with older children in which aggression was assessed by other means than mother reports.12, 16,65

Not exact matches

The study builds on previous observational research suggesting that e-cigs could help smokers quit.

«The term can refer to theological accounts of the world as God's creation; or to philosophical reflection on the categories of space and time; or to observational and theoretical study of the structure and evolution of the physical universe; or, finally, to «world views»: unified imaginative perceptions of how the world seems and where we stand in it» (Tracy and Lash, vii).

In a follow - up to its 2008 report that found that attending services increases life expectancy, the Women's Health Initiative observational study based this report on a survey of 92,539 post-menopausal women over 50.

This observation has precipitated numerous observational studies and randomized controlled trials of the effect of added sugars or SSB consumption on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors (6, 8, 9).

On the evidence side, I know that the evidence primarily comes from observational studies, and there are methodological issues with measuring dose and duration of breastfeeding particularly after the introduction of complementary foods, however the evidence is fairly consistent in showing a reduction in gastrointestinal, respiratory and ear infections (see «Breastfeeding and maternal and infant outcomes in developed countries» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764214).

Our analyses focused on five conditions that have been consistently associated with breastfeeding in observational studies that adjusted for parity as well as known or suspected confounders such as diet, physical activity, oral contraceptive use (in the case of cancer and hypertension), 6,7,18 and socioeconomic status (Table 1).

Our use of observational data reflects the existing literature on lactation and maternal health; apart from a single randomized trial examining the effect of exclusive lactation duration on maternal weight loss, 48 there are no published studies of maternal health outcomes in randomized trials of breastfeeding.

We assumed that breastfeeding rates were correlated between pregnancies based on several sources of observational data18, 19 and used data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II to model breastfeeding duration in a subsequent pregnancy contingent on duration of breastfeeding for the prior birth.19

Although not directly comparable, our findings are in broad agreement with those from routine data in Scotland that have indicated a positive association between Baby Friendly accreditation, but not certification, and breastfeeding at 1 week of age.17 Our findings reinforce those of Coutinho and colleagues who reported that high exclusive breastfeeding rates achieved in Brazilian hospitals implementing staff training with the course content of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative were short - lived and not sustained at home unless implemented in combination with post-natal home visits.35 Similarly in Italy, training of staff with an adapted version of the Baby Friendly course content resulted in high breastfeeding rates at discharge, with a rapid decrease in the days after leaving hospital.36 In contrast, a cluster randomized trial in Belarus (PROBIT) found an association between an intervention modelled on the Baby Friendly Initiative with an increased duration of breastfeeding37 an association also reported from an observational study in Germany.38 Mothers in Belarus stay in hospital post-partum for 6 — 7 days, and in Germany for 5 days, with post-natal support likely to be particularly important in countries where mothers stay in the hospital for a shorter time, with early discharge likely to limit the influence of a hospital - based intervention.

Interventions to improve breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration are based on extensive evidence from both observational and intervention studies of short - and long - term health benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and infants.13 — 15 Nevertheless, to our knowledge none of previous studies has systematically examined whether the increases in breastfeeding resulting from such interventions have equally benefited all socioeconomic groups.

«It is crucial that we have more randomized controlled trials on interventions to increase breastfeeding rather than relying on heavily confounded observational studies or biased expert opinion.»

In observational studies, infants who were exclusively breastfed to six months experienced less gastrointestinal infections than those who were partially breastfed, and exclusive breastfeeding for six months or longer had no detrimental effect on growth

An important potential limitation of this analysis was that it was based solely on case - control observational studies, as most studies looking at the effects of breastfeeding vs not breastfeeding are.

Instead, recommendations regarding the approach to delivery are based on observational studies that have examined the probability of VBAC once TOLAC is attempted and the maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with TOLAC compared with repeat cesarean delivery (4 — 6, 13 — 15, 24 — 31).

Some barriers include the negative attitudes of women and their partners and family members, as well as health care professionals, toward breastfeeding, whereas the main reasons that women do not start or give up breastfeeding are reported to be poor family and social support, perceived milk insufficiency, breast problems, maternal or infant illness, and return to outside employment.2 Several strategies have been used to promote breastfeeding, such as setting standards for maternity services3, 4 (eg, the joint World Health Organization — United Nations Children's Fund [WHO - UNICEF] Baby Friendly Initiative), public education through media campaigns, and health professionals and peer - led initiatives to support individual mothers.5 — 9 Support from the infant's father through active participation in the breastfeeding decision, together with a positive attitude and knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding, has been shown to have a strong influence on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in observational studies, 2,10 but scientific evidence is not available as to whether training fathers to manage the most common lactation difficulties can enhance breastfeeding rates.

In addition, there was no effect on breastfeeding duration when the pacifier was introduced at 1 month of age.280 A more recent systematic review found that the highest level of evidence (ie, from clinical trials) does not support an adverse relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.281 The association between shortened duration of breastfeeding and pacifier use in observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifier.

Anderson et al. 8 conducted a meta - analysis (n = 11 observational studies) to examine the impact of breastfeeding on cognitive development after adjusting for socio - economic confounders, including the level of maternal education.

Most research concerned with the psychosocial effects of breastfeeding is based on observational studies due to the ethical challenges of randomly assigning mothers to either breastfeeding or formula feeding groups.

Although some SIDS experts and policy - makers endorse pacifier use recommendations that are similar to those of the AAP, 272,273 concerns about possible deleterious effects of pacifier use have prevented others from making a recommendation for pacifier use as a risk reduction strategy.274 Although several observational studies275, — , 277 have found a correlation between pacifiers and reduced breastfeeding duration, the results of well - designed randomized clinical trials indicated that pacifiers do not seem to cause shortened breastfeeding duration for term and preterm infants.278, 279 The authors of 1 study reported a small deleterious effect of early pacifier introduction (2 — 5 days after birth) on exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month of age and on overall breastfeeding duration (defined as any breastfeeding), but early pacifier use did not adversely affect exclusive breastfeeding duration.

Although these findings are based on observational studies and can not prove a direct cause and effect relationship between breastfeeding and SIDS prevention, researchers say there are several plausible biological reasons.

Seven studies [4 conducted in adults (6, 10, 11, 18) and 3 conducted in children (15, 30, 33); 5261 subjects in total; 6 observational studies and 1 trial] reported on the association between infant feeding and fasting blood glucose in later life (Table 1 and Figure 3).

However, the study used self - reported alcohol consumption and relied on observational data, so no firm conclusions can me made about cause and effect.

In a linked editorial, Dr Kathryn Fitzgerald of John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, emphasises the caveats for an observational study of this kind which relies on food frequency questionnaires that are not fully able to describe different types of fat.

«In the case of pharmaceuticals, the onus is on the pharmaceutical company to do the research with toxicity testing, randomized control trials and post-exposure observational studies,» Conry said.

The population - based observational study using patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Medicare database focused on 41,275 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2004 and 2007 and observed through 2009.

«The observational studies were based on these women.»

The authors do note that this large study can not definitively prove cause and effect; nonetheless, the findings are strongly consistent with «a wealth of existing observational and clinical trial data to support health benefits of nut consumption on many chronic diseases.»

Like the other works, the latest study was observational and did not include baseline data on what health issues these patients might have had before they contracted Ebola.

For the new research, the scientists were able to tap databases from two well - known ongoing observational studies that collect data on diet and other lifestyle factors and various health outcomes.

Although their study employs statistically rigorous methods of analysis, the researchers caution that their results are based on observational data.

«This concern has increased in the last few years based on the results of a clinical trial and two observational studies,» he said.

«Based on our observational study alone, we can not be certain why we saw the relationships we did.

As the study is observational and relies on self - reported data from parents, no conclusions about cause and effect are possible.

Co-author of the study Professor Ian Hall, from the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, said: «Our results highlight the challenge of basing our understanding of the climate system on generally short observational records.

This is an observational study so no firm conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect, particularly as the data on smoking and drinking relied on personal recall, which is subject to bias.

This is an observational study, so no firm conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect, added to which the information on misuse is drawn from administrative data and the findings were limited to insured adults in the US.

«The sources of this liquid water will require more observational studies; however, the research shows that the effects of relatively small amounts of water on Mars in forming features on the surface may have been widely underestimated.

Even though this is an observational study, our findings do not support the hypothesis of adverse effects on child's language, communication and motor skills due to the use of mobile phone during pregnancy.»

Among recommendations with available information on level of evidence, 90.5 percent of recommendations supported by multiple randomized studies were retained, vs 81.0 percent of recommendations supported by 1 randomized trial or observational data and 73.7 percent of recommendations supported by opinion.

The paper, «Association of walking pace and handgrip strength with all - cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a UK Biobank observational study» was published on 21 August 2017 in the European Heart Journal.

By imputing observational data recorded around the world, they studied the effect this pollutant might have on the Northern Hemisphere.

People were more likely to imitate popular choices, particularly those choices that are on the upswing, a dynamic Goldstone and his IU colleague Todd Gureckis had documented earlier in an observational study of baby names in 130 years of U.S. Social Security records.

The controlled environment of the CRC allowed the researchers to keep tabs on the volunteers» exact nutritional intake, rather than depend on volunteers» often unreliable food records — a drawback to many observational nutrition studies.

«The underlying causes need to be investigated to help to identify practices and strategies to increase women's influence on and contributions to the evidence that will determine future healthcare policies and standards of clinical practice,» Giovanni Filardo, PhD, MPH, and his co-authors wrote in the paper, titled «Trends and comparison of female first authorship in high impact medical journals: observational study (1994 - 2014).»