Sentences with phrase «observations of surface»

This may in part explain recent observations of surface eddy scales by TOPEX / Poseidon satellite altimetry, which indicate a correlation of surface - height variance with the scale of the first deformation radius.

«Whilst the last decade has seen a rapid increase in good observations of the surface and upper ocean, thanks to Argo floats, we have very few for the deep ocean.»

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter9.pdf The widespread change detected in temperature observations of the surface (Sections 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3), free atmosphere (Section 9.4.4) and ocean (Section 9.5.1), together with consistent evidence of change in other parts of the climate system (Section 9.5), strengthens the conclusion that greenhouse gas forcing is the dominant cause of warming during the past several decades.

Simple observations of surface features were joined by inventive methods for measuring what a region's climate had been like thousands or even millions of years ago.

The widespread change detected in temperature observations of the surface, free atmosphere and ocean, together with consistent evidence of change in other parts of the climate system, strengthens the conclusion that greenhouse gas forcing is the dominant cause of warming during the past several decades.

Over land, values of the relative humidity of surface air are determined quite directly from observational records for regions where plentiful observations of surface air humidity were made.

«There is a wealth of «empirical evidence» from observations of the surface energy balance at every observing site around the world with relevant instruments and measurements.

«We use a massive ensemble of the Bern2.5 D climate model of intermediate complexity, driven by bottom - up estimates of historic radiative forcing F, and constrained by a set of observations of the surface warming T since 1850 and heat uptake Q since the 1950s... Between 1850 and 2010, the climate system accumulated a total net forcing energy of 140 x 1022 J with a 5 - 95 % uncertainty range of 95 - 197 x 1022 J, corresponding to an average net radiative forcing of roughly 0.54 (0.36 - 0.76) Wm - 2.»

The proposition to be proved (# 7) is assumed in premise # 3 by virtue of kludging of the model parameters and the aerosol forcing to agree with the 20th century observations of surface temperature.

Coupled with the observations of surface melt from Antarctica, would someone care to comment on the mechanics of glaciers in these sectors?

«We use a massive ensemble of the Bern2.5 D climate model of intermediate complexity, driven by bottom - up estimates of historic radiative forcing F, and constrained by a set of observations of the surface warming T since 1850 and heat uptake Q since the 1950s... Between 1850 and 2010, the climate system accumulated a total net forcing energy of 140 x 1022 J with a 5 - 95 % uncertainty range of 95 - 197 x 1022 J, corresponding to an average net radiative forcing of roughly 0.54 (0.36 - 0.76) Wm - 2.»

The orbiter has found further evidence that Mars was once wetter than it is now, with observations of surface patterns that could only have been made by flowing liquid, most likely carbon dioxide or water, in its recent geological past.

The figure below, taken from the 2007 IPCC report, shows model runs with only natural forcings; model runs with all forcings; and observations of surface temperatures for the whole globe — land areas and ocean areas.

However, lacking global observations of surface mass and ocean heat content capable of resolving year to year variations with sufficient accuracy, comprehensive diagnosis of the events early in the altimetry record (e.g. such as determining the relative roles of thermal expansion versus mass changes) has remained elusive.

Not exact matches

They sometimes compare historians of religions, uncharitably to be sure, to «flies crawling on the surface of a goldfish bowl, making accurate and complete observations on the fish inside... and indeed contributing much to our knowledge of the subject; but never asking themselves, and never finding out, how it feels to be a goldfish.»

The team made the observations using LRO's LEND instrument, which detects hydrogen by counting the number of subatomic particles called neutrons flying off the lunar surface.

A frozen sea, surviving as blocks of pack ice, may lie just beneath the surface of Mars, suggest observations from Europe's Mars Express spacecraft.

They tested high - performance computational models against known geological and geophysical observations of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and demonstrated that a drip of lithospheric material below the surface can account for the measured elevation changes across the region.

By combining observations from the ground and in space, the team observed a plume of low - energy plasma particles that essentially hitches a ride along magnetic field lines — streaming from Earth's lower atmosphere up to the point, tens of thousands of kilometers above the surface, where the planet's magnetic field connects with that of the sun.

Water ice is present on the surface of Comet Tempel 1, suggest observations from NASA's Deep Impact mission.

The three - day observations show that the comet shards brighten and dim as icy patches on their surfaces rotate into and out of sunlight.

Another scientifically interesting observation of the current study is that the interfacial reconstruction is driven and dictated by the orientation of the terminating grain surface, rather than by lattice mis - orientation between the two abutting grains as commonly believed in classical physical metallurgy.

Mausumi Dikpati and her colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., used new observations of the sun's interior and new computer simulations to model the flow of plasma, or electrically charged gas, that carry the sunspots like a conveyor belt until they become powerful enough to burst free and erupt on the sun's surface.

The new observations suggest water ice, mixed with organic molecules, is «widespread on the surface of the asteroid», Humberto Campins of the University of Central Florida in Orlando reported at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division of Planetary Sciences in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, last week.

Today, 14 of the 15 satellites currently making climatic observations on Earth are far beyond their designed life - expectancies, with the exception being the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM):

Observations in multiple bands of thermal - infrared wavelengths can yield information about the mineral composition of the surface, as well as the surface texture.

«Because neutron spectroscopy could «see» hydrogen due to its large neutron scattering cross-section, it succeeded where optical spectroscopy techniques failed and enabled the first direct observations of cerium hydrides both on the surface and in the bulk of a cerium oxide catalyst,» Wu said.

By 2020, when the European Extremely Large Telescope is due to be completed, the country is expected to host 70 % of the global observation surface for large optical and infrared telescopes.

To address those and other questions, the TOAR research team has produced the first - ever global - scale scientific assessment of tropospheric ozone, based on all available surface observations and the peer - reviewed literature.

The first observation of hydrides both on the surface and in the bulk of ceria was important because it established that the bulk of the material also can participate in chemical reactions.

«We created the largest database of surface ozone from hourly observations at more than 4,800 monitoring sites worldwide, and we're making these data freely available to anyone who wants to investigate the impact of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate.»

It would focus on the composition and thickness of the ocean, already reckoned to be briny and rich in magnesium salts following previous observations of seeps to the surface by other space probes flying nearby.

NOAA's Coral Reef Watch uses satellite observations of sea surface temperatures and modeling to monitor and forecast when water temperatures rise enough to cause bleaching.

They corroborated these findings with observations of recent sideward shifts in previously straight surface features, such as streams.

The new ice - scarp studies confirm indications from fresh - crater and neutron - spectrometer observations that a layer rich in water ice begins within just one or two yards of the surface in some areas.

However radar observations have shown that lakes cover only a few per cent of the surface and are concentrated near the poles, making Titan much drier than Earth.

But observations of CMEs on and near the sun — whose surface temperature is about 5,500 degrees Celsius — are extremely difficult to accomplish.

Plus, recent observations on Ceres» surface of ammonia (of household cleaner fame) also hint toward a more distant origin, to a time and place when such compounds were more common.

The observation of ionic distribution and the investigation of magnetic particles on the lunar surface gives researchers information on the material that composes the moon's surface and helps elucidate the moon's interaction with solar winds.

Observations from Earth's surface can be thrown off by the shimmer of the atmosphere, which can slightly bend light and make it harder to distinguish distant objects.

Under the assumptions of their model, the team quantified the dynamics all over the exposed ocular surface, and the results agreed well with in vivo observations of the tear film gained from fluorescence imaging.

In the dry season, surface water reservoirs are at the same level as the aquifer that feeds them: altitude measurements of the surface water then made possible direct observations of the height of the groundwater.

These observations indicate that AMTN plays a subtle yet critical role in enamel biomineralization, particularly during the establishment of the outer and surface enamel layers.

We see dark sunspots on the northern visible pole, while the observations reveal that the lower latitudes are areas with sunspots that do not last, but appear and disappear again with an asymmetrical distribution on the surface of the star and this was surprising,» says Heidi Korhonen, who is an expert on sunspots.

Detailed observation of the Sarasota population has shown that most males pair off for life with unrelated males, swimming side by side and surfacing to breathe in tandem.

Using satellite observations of meteoric «flares» in the atmosphere («shooting stars») and acoustical data that record cosmic impacts on the surface of the earth, Peter Brown and his co-workers at the University of Western Ontario and Los Alamos National Laboratory estimated the rate of smaller impacts.

Observations of capuchins foraging for surface - dwelling insects showed that color - blind capuchins made nearly 20 insect - capture attempts per hour, compared with only about 16 for those with normal color vision.

Box pointed to nearly ice - sheet - wide melting on Greenland, with extensive surface melting documented for first time at the highest elevations of ice sheet, and the longest melt season since satellite observations began in 1979.

To confirm the identifications, the researchers now need to compare their computer - generated categories against surface observations of these dolphins, Frasier says.

In 30 years of satellite observations, the greatest extent of surface melt was recorded a decade ago, when about 75 per cent of the surface was wet.