Sentences with phrase «observed changes in the mean»

The results matched the observed changes in the mean pole position (MPP).

It correlated perfectly with the observed changes in the mean pole position (MPP).

It correlated perfectly with the observed changes in the mean pole position (MPP).

Not exact matches

This kind of fasting does not mean ignoring hunger pains or cravings but listening carefully to them, observing how they change over time, looking at the relationship of mind and body in the experience of hunger and in the experience of food.

«Our timing was serendipitous, as it meant we were able to see changes in microbial processes over an extremely fast melting season and observe a process from start to end across all habitats on a glacier surface.

Changes in the mean weighted latitude of density were compared to distribution changes observed and recorded in bird atlases from 1974 tChanges in the mean weighted latitude of density were compared to distribution changes observed and recorded in bird atlases from 1974 tchanges observed and recorded in bird atlases from 1974 to 2010.

And we lack the ability, and will lack the ability for a long time, to look at a change in DNA that's observed in someone, a T here instead of an A, and predict what that would mean either biologically or clinically.

g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)

Just on the off - chance the 3rd comment is serious: Pluto has not been observed for a full orbit, so we have no data on secular changes in its mean temperature.

b shows regions that have experienced changes in the frequency of long fire weather seasons (> 1σ above historical mean) during the second half of the study period (1996 — 2013) compared with the number of events observed during the first half (1979 — 1996).

Second, we examined the change in frequency of occurrence of unusually hot, dry or windy conditions by comparing the number of years that maximum temperature, rain - free days or wind speed was > 1 s.d. above the mean or when minimum relative humidity was < 1 s.d. from the mean in 1996 — 2013, as compared with the number of similar events observed in 1979 — 1996.

b, d, f and h show the change in frequency of the number of years with anomalous mean annual weather conditions (> 1σ above historical mean) from 1996 to 2013 compared with the number of anomalies observed from 1979 to 1996.

6 OXO did not exhibit any significant improvement in body fat mass, or lean mass over the 8 week study period - meaning no changes in muscle mass or fat mass was observed from using 6 OXO

This means that rather than observing how differences in gut bacteria may relate to mood, this research actually made a change in the array of organisms living within the test subjects and then observed the changes in mood as described above.

Modelers now are comparing not just hemispheric mean series, but the actual spatial patterns of estimated and observed climate changes in past centuries.

First of all, the observed changes in global mean temperatures are more easily calculated in terms of anomalies (since anomalies have much greater spatial correlation than absolute temperatures).

Modelers of course do not compare just hemispheric mean series, but the actual spatial patterns of estimated and observed climate changes in past centuries.

For a start, based on what we know about the forcings and the observed evolution of global mean temperature, why would one expect climate change to be a linear warming since 1880 in Moscow?

The issue with the Mauritsen and Stevens piece is that it tries to go well beyond a «what if» modeling experiment, and attempts to make contact with a lot of other issues related to historical climate change (the hiatus, changes in the hydrologic cycle, observed tropical lapse rate «hotspot» stuff, changes in the atmsopheric circulation, etc) by means of what the «iris» should look like in other climate signals.

Basically, mathematicians have devised a means by which they can take oscillatory data and, in essence, subtract out known cycles in order to observe how the data is changing independent of these known annual, solar, and paleoclimatic cycles.

My question as reformulated was the one that I would have asked in the first place if I had realised that your reference to «warming [which] has been observed» related to changes in mean temperature at the global level.

By comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the global mean surface temperature, the land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.

«Anthropogenic Climate change» means a quantified change of climate which isattributed directly or indirectly to human activity and distinguished from natural causes that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate trends and variability observed over comparable time periods.

Although there is as yet no convincing evidence in the observed record of changes in tropical cyclone behaviour, a synthesis of the recent model results indicates that, for the future warmer climate, tropical cyclones will show increased peak wind speed and increased mean and peak precipitation intensities.

By modeling the observed changes in drought recovery times with «business as usual» circumstances for future conditions, meaning assuming greenhouse gas emission trends continued as they have, the researchers were able to predict the future recovery times of droughts.

[¶]... Basing our assessment on a combination of several independent lines of evidence, as summarised in Box 10.2 Figures 1 and 2, including observed climate change and the strength of known feedbacks simulated in GCMs, we conclude that the global mean equilibrium warming for doubling CO2, or «equilibrium climate sensitivity», is likely to lie in the range 2 °C to 4.5 °C, with a most likely value of about 3 °C.

El Niño, which means «baby boy» or «Christ Child,» got its name from the Spanish - speaking fishermen in Chile and Peru when they observed that the weather change occurs during Christmas time.

The prediction is initialised with the mean of the observed sea ice extent for September 2009 - 2013 and an ensemble prediction is created simply by adding all of the observed changes in the sea ice extent record from one September to the next over the historical period 1979 - 2013.

With this final correction, the ERBS Nonscanner - observed decadal changes in tropical mean LW, SW, and net radiation between the 1980s and the 1990s now stand at 0.7, -2.1, and 1.4 W m ^ 2, respectively, which are similar to the observed decadal changes in the High - Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS) Pathfinder OLR and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) version FD record but disagree with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder ERB record.

Temperatures aloft can be measured in a number of ways, two of which are useful for climate monitoring: by radiosondes (balloon - borne instrument packages, including thermometers, released daily or twice daily at a network of observing stations throughout the world), and by satellite measurements of microwave radiation emitted by oxygen gas in the lower to mid-troposphere, taken with an instrument known as the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU).5 The balloon measurements are taken at the same Greenwich mean times each day, whereas the times of day of the satellite measurements for a given location drift slowly with changes in the satellite orbits.

The authors observe that wide variations in rates of tectonic uplift and subsidence in different locations around the world at particular times mean no effective coastal management plan can rest upon speculative computer projections regarding an idealised future global sea level, such as those provided by the United Nations» Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

This is close to the warming of 1.09 °C (0.86 — 1.31 °C) observed in global mean land temperatures over the period 1951 — 2010, which, in contrast to China's recorded temperature change, is only weakly affected by urban warming influences.

The discrepancy between recent observed and simulated trends in global mean surface temperature has provoked a debate about possible causes and implications for future climate change projections.

Scientists have recently observed major changes in these glaciers: several have broken up at the ocean end (the terminus), and many have doubled the speed at which they are retreating.2, 5 This has meant a major increase in the amount of ice and water they discharge into the ocean, contributing to sea - level rise, which threatens low - lying populations.2, 3,5 Accelerated melting also adds freshwater to the oceans, altering ecosystems and changing ocean circulation and regional weather patterns.7 (See Greenland ice sheet hotspot for more information.)

SDSM — a decision support tool for the assessment of regional climate change impacts, Environmental Modelling and Software 17, 147 - 159] is presented and assessed to reconstruct the observed climate in eastern Canada based extremes as well as mean state.

On the question of whether observed changes in climate can be attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels, Bolin noted that «The global mean temperature has increased by 0.3 - 0.6 degrees C since the late 19th century, and about 0.3 degrees over the last 40 years.»

That'd mean the faucet was responsible for an infinite amount of the observed change in water level!

Leaving aside the anthropogenic / not anthropogenic argument what we should clearly observe is a dependable relationship between changes in CO2 and changes in global mean temperature.

She continues by observing that «it is likely that both extreme weather events (storms, floods, heat waves) and changes in mean temperatures, precipitation and sea - levels will in many cases contribute to increasing levels of mobility.»

Comparison of the observed global - mean temperature record with climate model simulations serves to validate (and better understand) climate model performance and ability to simulate the global - mean temperature component of global climate change in response to radiative forcings.

This lack of consensus on the definition of extreme events, coupled with other problems, such as a lack of suitable homogeneous data for many parts of the world, likely means that it will be difficult, if not impossible, to say that extreme events in general have changed in the observed record (emphasis added).»

Here you can see the observed changes in maximum, minimum, mean global temperature, and DTR vs. predictions by the four climate models used in the study.

In April 2012, DJ Rowlands, from Oxford, published an article in Nature Geoscience that concluded, in part: «We find that model versions that reproduce observed surface temperature changes over the past 50 years show global - mean temperature increases of 1.4 - 3 K by 2050, relative to 1961 - 1990, under a mid-range forcing scenario»In April 2012, DJ Rowlands, from Oxford, published an article in Nature Geoscience that concluded, in part: «We find that model versions that reproduce observed surface temperature changes over the past 50 years show global - mean temperature increases of 1.4 - 3 K by 2050, relative to 1961 - 1990, under a mid-range forcing scenario»in Nature Geoscience that concluded, in part: «We find that model versions that reproduce observed surface temperature changes over the past 50 years show global - mean temperature increases of 1.4 - 3 K by 2050, relative to 1961 - 1990, under a mid-range forcing scenario»in part: «We find that model versions that reproduce observed surface temperature changes over the past 50 years show global - mean temperature increases of 1.4 - 3 K by 2050, relative to 1961 - 1990, under a mid-range forcing scenario».

In fact the main result of the paper doesn't depend on observed data at all — no matter what the data or its origin, the likelihood of a new record changes when the time series is nonstationary, and when the series mean has shifted by a notable amount new records become far more likely.

These range from simple averaging of regional data and scaling of the resulting series so that its mean and standard deviation match those of the observed record over some period of overlap (Jones et al., 1998; Crowley and Lowery, 2000), to complex climate field reconstruction, where large - scale modes of spatial climate variability are linked to patterns of variability in the proxy network via a multivariate transfer function that explicitly provides estimates of the spatio - temporal changes in past temperatures, and from which large - scale average temperature changes are derived by averaging the climate estimates across the required region (Mann et al., 1998; Rutherford et al., 2003, 2005).

As we've said time and time again, numbers don't mean much to us unless we are able to parse it in another way, whether that's through thought - provoking art, changes that we can observe in our own lives, or yes, even through a simple colouring book.

Delworth and Knutson (2000) find that one in five of their anthropogenic climate change simulations showed a similar evolution of global mean surface temperature over the 20th century to that observed, with strong warming, particularly in the high latitude North Atlantic, in the first half of the century.

Girma Orssengo rightly demonstrates that one can not determine climate sensitivity empirically from observed changes in CO2 concentration and in global mean surface temperature unless one either studies periods that are multiples of ~ 60 years to cancel the transient effects of the warming and cooling phases of the Pacific and related ocean oscillations or studies periods centered on a phase - transition in the ocean oscillations.

The observed changes (lower panel; Trenberth and Fasullo 2010) show the 12 - month running means of global mean surface temperature anomalies relative to 1901 — 2000 from NOAA [red (thin) and decadal (thick)-RSB- in °C (scale lower left), CO2 concentrations (green) in ppmv from NOAA (scale right), and global sea level adjusted for isostatic rebound from AVISO (blue, along with linear trend of 3.2 mm / year) relative to 1993, scale at left in mm).

The court observed that section 17 of the Divorce Act allows a court to vary any spousal support order, provided it is satisfied there has been a «material change» in the «condition, means, needs, or other circumstances of either former spouse» since the original order (or last variation) was made.