Sentences with phrase «observed during»

Research into how the Boreal forest responds to drought has shown that the most significant die back / mortality was not observed during the year of the drought but in subsequent years.

However, according to the IPCC AR5, the average rate of global sea level rise over the 21st Century will very likely exceed that observed during 1971 - 2010 for a range of future emission scenarios.

It is logical to presume that changes in Earth's albedo are due to increases and decreases in low cloud cover, which in turn is related to the climate change that we have observed during the 20th Century, including the present global cooling.

We find no support for the hypothesis of a planetary influence on solar activity, and raise the question of whether the centennial periodicities of solar activity observed during the Holocene are representative of solar activity variability in general.

Had he been «correct» about the attribution of the warming trend observed during the first half of the twentieth century it could scarcely have made him more influential — though it surely would have made him better - remembered.

These scenarios indicate a continuity of the climatic trends observed during the last decades.»

The assumption in this inference is that when the tree ring structure observed during the instrumented period that is similar to the tree ring structure observed in the past, both will have correspondingly similar temperature profiles (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

Then there is the salient point that the September 2017 average monthly global temperature is similar to some observed during the 1997 - 99 period, as noted in this article.

Almost no sunspots were observed during a 70 - y interval (1645 — 1715) called the Maunder Minimum (1).

In the near surface snow air, we observed during late spring and summer variability of GEM concentrations on a daily timescale induced by chemical processes, as well as a seasonal shift in these chemical mechanisms.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the trend agrees in sign but is of smaller amplitude than that observed during recent decades.

(Or they could alternatively have inserted «is» before «observed during the instrumented period»)

Scientific evidence strongly indicates that natural influences can not explain the rapid increase in global near - surface temperatures observed during the second half of the 20th century.

The movement of the Pacific's warm water pulled heat away from the surface waters and this led to the abnormally cool surface temperatures observed during the last ten years.

It was observed during the last century that as the concentration of heat - trapping greenhouse gases increase, surface temperatures also increase.

Apart from increased DNIs at project locations between 2012 and 2014, the downward LCOE trend observed during 2012 and 2014 can be explained by a similar upward trend in the capacity factor of plants.

Wang and Schubert (2014) find that the North Pacific SST warm anomalies during early 2013 created a «predilection» for dry conditions during the second half of the 2013 - 2013 «rainy season» in California, and Funk et al. (2014) also report that the observed Pacific SST anomalies during 2013 - 2014 contributed to the extremely low precipitation that was observed during 2013 - 2014.

The pattern is also associated with the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation, which is the dominant atmospheric pattern observed during severe winters and comprises a weakened jet stream and more cold air intrusions southward from the Arctic into North America and Eurasia.

The paper found the pattern was observed during the winter of 2012 - 2013, following the lowest fall sea ice extent on record in September 2012.

«Source tracing of thunderstorm generated inertia - gravity waves observed during the RADAGAST campaign in Niamey, Niger.»

The divergence observed during the last decades is likely due to (1) an additional anthropogenic warming component, which was quite significant during the last decades, and (2) to the necessity of using a more advanced model to obtain the temperature signature of the solar variability.

2 / Whereas CO2 concentration was 20 % higher, the global warming of about +0.45 °C during the [1970 — 2000] time period is actually the same as the one observed during the previous [1910 — 1940] warming period.

Ice loss during the second half of August was in fact the slowest observed during the last decade, resulting in the observed, unexceptional September sea ice extent being recorded despite the extremely low ice conditions present at the start of the summer.

«In 50 years of Arctic reconstructions, the current warming event is both the most intense and one of the longest - lived warming events ever observed during winter,» said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of Berkeley Earth, a non-profit organisation dedicated to climate science.

Smith, S.A., and A.D. Del Genio, 2001: Analysis of aircraft, radiosonde, and radar observations in cirrus clouds observed during FIRE II: The interactions between environmental structure, turbulence, and cloud microphysical properties.

Even at the high end of this range, it is difficult to attribute more than a tiny proportion of the recent increase in atmospheric CO2 to the rather limited amount of global — or oceanic — warming actually observed during the last century or so.

Brumer S. E., C. J. Zappa, I. M. Brooks, H. Tamura, S. M. Brown, B. W. Blomquist, C. W. Fairall and A. Cifuentes - Lorenzen (September 2017): Whitecap Coverage Dependence on Wind and Wave Statistics as Observed during SO GasEx and HiWinGS.

We have set 1996 as the reference year, i.e. Iquiet (λ, t0) is the irradiance of the quiet Sun as observed during the 1996 minimum.Let us notice that the quiet Sun irradiance was roughly constant for the last three cycles (see below).

Poleward shifting was observed during the late 20th century warming, and it is well know that the zones shifted equatorward during the Little Ice Age.

«Insights from modeling and observational evaluation of a precipitating continental cumulus event observed during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment field campaign.»

I agree with your «set of circumstances» — they are not observed during interglacials.

The trend of greater and greater depletion of global stratospheric ozone observed during the 1980s and 1990s is no longer occurring; however, it is not yet clear whether these recent changes are indicative of ozone recovery.

As emphasized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), modern models faithfully simulate continental to global scale temperature patterns and trends observed during the 20th century.

During the high - AO years that follow (1991 and on), this younger thinner sea ice is shown to recirculated back to the Alaskan coast where extensive open water has been observed during summer.

That is observed during the 11/22 year solar cycle, but also plays a role in the overall activity between the long term minima and maxima (Maunder Minimum, last halve 20th century maximum).

It seems for instance there is a 1 Kyear natural cycle leading to RWP about 2 Kyears ago and a MWP about 1 Kyear ago... See for illustration Ljungqvist 2010 Actually Global Warming observed during 19th and 20th centuries is very likely corresponding to LIA recovery, i.e. from the cool period of this 1 Kyear cycle.

Furthermore, the missing hotspot in the atmospheric warming pattern observed during the last warming period proves that (1) the IPCC climate theory is fundamentally broken, and (2) to the extent that their theory correctly predicts the warming signature of increased carbon dioxide, we know that carbon dioxide definitely did not cause the recent warming (see here for my full explanation of the missing hotspot).

The sea level is increasing by about 1.3 mm / year according to the data of the tide - gauges (after correction of the emergence or subsidence of the rock to which the tide gauge is attached, nowadays precisely known thanks to high precision GPS instrumentation); no acceleration has been observed during the last decades...»

The increased activity after 1995 contrasts sharply with the generally below - normal seasons observed during the previous 25 - year period (1970 — 1994).

For example, the rate of warming of surface air temperature observed during the past 20 years is much greater than that observed during the previous 20 - year interval, 1960 — 79, and is not necessarily indicative of the rate of temperature change that will be observed during the future interval 2000 — 2019.

«It is very likely that the rate of global mean sea level rise during the 21st century will exceed the rate observed during 1971 — 2010 for all RCP scenarios... with a rate of rise 8 — 15 mm yr — 1 over the last decade of the 21st century) for RCP8.5.»

For a while I thought that direct magnetic inductive heating of the Earth might be associated with the increased warming observed during periods of high solar activity.

An increase of daily temperature variability is observed during the period 1977 to 2000 due to an increase in warm extremes, rather than a decrease of cold extremes (Klein Tank et al., 2002; Klein Tank and Können, 2003).

Reverse that to a cooling, like those observed during the winter in the air above Antarctica, and the lapse rate readily inverts.

High AO conditions were observed during the winter of 2006/2007 and again this past winter of 2007/2008.

The situation that we consider most likely is the repetition of a cyclic behavior that was observed during the twentieth century (Schle - singer and Ramankutty 1994) as well as during the previous hundreds of years (Delworth and Mann 2000; Gray et al. 2004; Chylek et al. 2011, 2012).

The assumption in this inference is that when tree ring structure observed during the instrumented period that is similar to tree ring structure observed in the past, both will have correspondingly similar temperature profiles.

When compared to previous La Niña years, the 2012 global surface temperature was the warmest observed during such a year; 2011 was the previous warmest La Niña year on record.

When you add in the temperature trend during this time of year (slight cooling though the northern Midwest, warming across the Southwest), you get a pattern much like that observed during 2018.

In other words, if all of the terrestrial carbon today (in forests, animals, soils, etc.) were converted to carbon dioxide and returned to the global inorganic carbon pool, the change in the global carbon isotopic ratio would only be a third as big as that observed during the PETM!