Anthropogenic and natural external forcing combined are estimated to have caused 0.93 °C [0.61 - 1.24], consistent with
the observed global land mean warming 1.09 °C [0.86 - 1.31
Not exact matches
The highest correlations between the net
land carbon flux and continental biome mean fire weather season metrics were
observed in the tropical and subtropical forests, grasslands and savannas and xeric shrublands of South America where regional fire weather season length metrics accounted for between 15.7 and 29.7 % of the variations in
global net
land carbon flux (Table 5).
Globally, extremely warm nights that used to come once in 20 years now occur every 10 years.12 And extremely hot summers, those more than three standard deviations above the historic average, are now
observed in about 10 % of the
global land area, compared to 0.1 - 0.2 % for the period 1951 - 1980.13
«Today, 110 of the 169 countries that declared in 2013 that they are affected by
land degradation or drought have expressed interest in recovering large areas of degraded over the next 12 years, under a special global initiative, the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme,» she obser
land degradation or drought have expressed interest in recovering large areas of degraded over the next 12 years, under a special
global initiative, the
Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme,» she obser
Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme,» she
observed.
Joseph Bast, who works with the group, highlighted some of the group's conclusions in Forbes: There is little risk of
global food insecurity owing to higher levels of CO2, as higher CO2 will greatly aid plant productivity; «No changes in precipitation patterns, snow, monsoons, or river flows that might be considered harmful to human well - being or plants or wildlife have been
observed that could be attributed to rising CO2»; and little risk to aquatic or dry -
land ecosystems.
It is probable, however, that at least part of that discrepancy is due to an under reporting of
observed trends as shown by Cowtan and Wray, and by the recent Best
global (
land plus ocean) tempertature record.
By comparing modelled and
observed changes in such indices, which include the
global mean surface temperature, the
land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over
land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming
observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.
The confluence of the twin issues of Native American respect for the
land and modern environmentalists» alarm over
global warming has met in resistance to a North Dakota oil pipeline,
observed Ann Wright.
Deriving a reliable
global temperature from the instrument data is not easy because the instruments are not evenly distributed across the planet, the hardware and
observing locations have changed over the years, and there has been extensive
land use change (such as urbanization) around some of the sites.
As measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), we have
observed the drying out of
land on a
global scale.
This includes maintaining the Argo array, continuing salinity satellite missions, and, especially, expanding satellite constellations to
observe the entire
global hydrological cycle, including processes over the ocean, in the cryosphere, on
land, and in the atmosphere.
I conclude that the
observed global aridity changes up to 2010 are consistent with model predictions, which suggest severe and widespread droughts in the next 30 — 90 years over many
land areas resulting from either decreased precipitation and / or increased evaporation.
If the surface measuring stations are randomly distributed and respond to this population increase... we note that UHIs occur only on
land or 29 % of the Earth's surface... the net
global warming would be 0.29 * 1.7 or 0.49 C which is close the
observed warming.
This is close to the warming of 1.09 °C (0.86 — 1.31 °C)
observed in
global mean
land temperatures over the period 1951 — 2010, which, in contrast to China's recorded temperature change, is only weakly affected by urban warming influences.
CAS = Commission for Atmospheric Sciences CMDP = Climate Metrics and Diagnostic Panel CMIP = Coupled Model Intercomparison Project DAOS = Working Group on Data Assimilation and
Observing Systems GASS =
Global Atmospheric System Studies panel GEWEX =
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment GLASS =
Global Land - Atmosphere System Studies panel GOV =
Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) Ocean View JWGFVR = Joint Working Group on Forecast Verification Research MJO - TF = Madden - Julian Oscillation Task Force PDEF = Working Group on Predictability, Dynamics and Ensemble Forecasting PPP = Polar Prediction Project QPF = Quantitative precipitation forecast S2S = Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project SPARC = Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate TC = Tropical cyclone WCRP = World Climate Research Programme WCRP Grand Science Challenges • Climate Extremes • Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity • Melting Ice and
Global Consequences • Regional Sea - Ice Change and Coastal Impacts • Water Availability WCRP JSC = Joint Scientific Committee WGCM = Working Group on Coupled Modelling WGSIP = Working Group on Subseasonal to Interdecadal Prediction WWRP = World Weather Research Programme YOPP = Year of Polar Prediction
Mean sea level (MSL) evolution has a direct impact on coastal areas and is a crucial index of climate change since it reflects both the amount of heat added in the ocean and the mass loss due to
land ice melt (e.g. IPCC, 2013; Dieng et al., 2017) Long - term and inter-annual variations of the sea level are
observed at
global and regional scales.
The
global warming century trend that was
observed from 1906 to 2005 was 0.74 °C (with a 90 % uncertainty range of 0.56 °C to 0.92 °C), with more warming occurring in the Northern over Southern Hemispheres, and more over
land compared to oceans.
Anthropogenic influences have contributed to
observed increases in atmospheric moisture content in the atmosphere (medium confidence), to
global - scale changes in precipitation patterns over
land (medium confidence), to intensification of heavy precipitation over
land regions where data are sufficient (medium confidence), and to changes in surface and subsurface ocean salinity (very likely).
* In February, 2006 NCDC transitioned to the use of an improved
Global Land and Ocean data set (Smith and Reynolds analysis (2005)-RRB- which incorporates new algorithms that better account for factors such as changes in spatial coverage and evolving
observing methods.
J. Le Marshall, «The Use of
Global AIRS Hyperspectral Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction,» 11th Symposium on Integrated
Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and
Land Surface, 87th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, January 15 - 18, 2007, available at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/119660.pdf.
There is medium confidence for a detectable human contribution to past
observed increases in heavy precipitation in general over
global land regions with adequate coverage for analysis (e.g., IPCC AR5) and over the United States (Easterling et al. 2017), although an anthropogenic influence has not been formally detected for hurricane precipitation alone.