Sentences with phrase «observed over»

To many people, the most familiar sign of climate change is the rise in surface temperature observed over many parts of the Earth since the 1950s.

In an idealized three - dimensional numerical simulation of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere, doubling the CO2 concentration leads to the formation of an Arctic ozone hole comparable to that observed over Antarctica, with nearly 100 % local depletion of lower - stratospheric ozone.

I am curious about the apparent lack of warming observed over the 20th century for North America.

For the last 50 years, global temperature rose at an average rate of about 0.13 °C (around one - quarter degree Fahrenheit) per decade - almost twice as fast as the 0.07 °C per decade increase observed over the previous half - century.

In the case of global mean surface temperature, the IPCC AR5 presents a strong body of scientific evidence that most of the global warming observed over the past half century is very likely due to human - caused greenhouse gas emissions.

He was right about so many things — the background nineteenth - century CO2 concentration level and its increase over the twentieth century; the importance of high - quality temperature data and the warming trend observed over much of his lifetime; the infrared spectroscopy of CO2 and its effect on «sky radiation»; and more.

Four European records (Central England, De Bilt, Berlin and Uppsala) provide an even longer, though regionally restricted, indication of the context for the warming observed in the last approximately 20 to 30 years, which is even greater in this area than is observed over the NH land as a whole.

The predominant summary statements from the TAR WGI strengthened the SAR's attribution statement: «An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system», and «There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.»

Climate changes observed over recent decades are inconsistent with trends caused by natural forces but are totally consistent with the increase in human -... Learn More >>

The modelers got a good match to maps of the climate changes observed over the past century, but only if they included the effects of the gases, and not if they tried to attribute it all to the Sun.

Given what is happening in Russia and Pakistan at this very moment, and the highest temperatures ever recorded being observed all over the Earth, not to mention the recently observed ongoing die - off of oceanic phytoplankton, just to mention a few «current events», arguments about «forecasts» seem surrealistic.

«Despite a wide range of climate sensitivity (i.e. the amount of surface temperature increase due to a change in radiative forcing, such as an increase of CO2) exhibited by the models, they all yield a global average temperature change very similar to that observed over the past century.

More intense and longer droughts have been observed over wider areas since the 1970s, particularly in the tropics and subtropics.

Human fossil fuel use is also behind a general warming trend in the oceans observed over the past 50 years that increases the resistance to CO2 uptake.

You wrote, «However that narrative is based on what we have actually observed over a period of 1000 years with the gaps filled in by deduction informed by known laws of physics.»

Twenty - seven climate scientists concluded «decadal variations in the number of U.S. heat and cold waves do not correlate that closely with the warming observed over the United States.

The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we can not rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.

A new NASA study offers an explanation to the so - called pause in global warming observed over the past few years.

The highest solar activity during the period 1950 to 2000 was during cycle 19 so it is quite possible that a small decline in thermosphere temperature would be observed over the period without that contradicting my assertion that generally a more active sun warms the thermosphere (but that is something you admit anyway).

The coldest temperatures of the Little Ice Age are observed over the interval 1400 to 1700 C.E., with greatest cooling over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere continents.

However that narrative is based on what we have actually observed over a period of 1000 years with the gaps filled in by deduction informed by known laws of physics.

A new research by NASA has revealed that extra heat from greenhouse gases were trapped in the Indian and Pacific oceans in recent years and this could likely be the cause of the so - called pause in global warming that was observed over the past decade.

This also mean that those nice climate models should be able to reproduce the same warming rate as observed over 1910 — 1940 period, i.e. +0.15 °C / decade.

And if we assume it is strongly negative (as Spencer + Braswell have observed over the tropics) we would have a 2xCO2 CS of significantly «less than 1.9 °C», let's say 0.6 - 1.0 °C.

Under Watson's tenure, the IPCC last year produced its third comprehensive assessment of the state of climate science, concluding that» [t] here is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities,» and predicting that average global temperatures will rise between 3 and 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the endof the century — conclusions reaffirmed last spring at White House request by the National Academy of Sciences.

«The definition of climate change the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: «a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods».

«The assessment is supported additionally by a complementary analysis in which the parameters of an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) were constrained using observations of near - surface temperature and ocean heat content, as well as prior information on the magnitudes of forcings, and which concluded that GHGs have caused 0.6 °C to 1.1 °C (5 to 95 % uncertainty) warming since the mid-20th century (Huber and Knutti, 2011); an analysis by Wigley and Santer (2013), who used an energy balance model and RF and climate sensitivity estimates from AR4, and they concluded that there was about a 93 % chance that GHGs caused a warming greater than observed over the 1950 — 2005 period; and earlier detection and attribution studies assessed in the AR4 (Hegerl et al., 2007b).»

These recent results are intriguing, but it should be noted that the trends are observed over relatively short, recent periods and have limited spatial domains.

Developing metrics to set short - term changes observed over decades or centuries in the context of long - term (several hundreds to thousands of years or more) variation in specific ecosystems

This requires comparing changes observed over decades and centuries to long - term ecological baselines of change interpreted from relevant prehistoric records — much as the climate community has done with comparing recent changes with prehistoric proxy data (Barnosky et al., 2012; Hadly and Barnosky, 2009).

Post-monsoon season severe cyclonic storms were first observed over the Arabian Sea in 2014 and 2015.

This is an unfortunate exercise as temperatures can vary greatly day by day and inventing figures does not mean they are the correct invented figures, as Dr von Hann observed over a century ago.

In contrast to the above, it is entirely possible that much, perhaps most, of the climate change observed over the last century or so is natural.

Still, the extent of sea ice recorded in November was well shy of the median extent observed over the past quarter century, as the image from Nov. 14 (above, right) shows.

This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, where climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.»

In this paper we tested four hypotheses: (1) perceived conflict about global warming will be negatively associated — and (2) climate expertise, (3) liberal political ideology, and (4) perceived scientific consensus will be positively associated — with (a) higher personal certainty that global warming is happening, (b) viewing the global warming observed over the past 150 years as mostly human - caused, and (c) perception of global warming as harmful.

It has attributed less than 7 % of all climate forcing since pre-industrial days to «natural forcing components» (i.e. solar), conceding that its» level of scientific understanding» of» natural forcing components» (i.e. solar) is» low», whereas there are many independent studies, which attribute 50 % of the warming observed over the 20th century to the unusually high level of solar activity (highest in several thousand years).

-- They produce a warming trend from 1900 to 1960 whith an almost constant rate of 0,06 °C per decade, that is 2,5 times lower than rate observed over [1910 — 1940] period.

Similar to the remaining warming trend in Foster and Rahmstorf (2011) after the short - term noise was filtered out, Lean and Rind found a very steady human - caused global warming trend from 1979 to 2005 (Figure 2d, green line), having contributed to more warming than has been observed over that period.

And it is that which is probably causing the simultaneous warming that has been observed over recent years on many of the planetary bodies in the solar system.

In contrast, the current warming is observed over almost the entire Arctic and is seen in all seasons.

Researchers from the University of Tennessee wrote: «The evidence that consumers increase energy consumption after being exposed to conservation calls, yet no reduction in generation is observed over critical superpeak hours, is consistent with an emergent body of work in environmental economics exploring the unintended consequences of various policy actions.»

Climate models have proven remarkably accurate when it comes to reproducing the long - term warming we've observed over the last half century, and were never expected to reproduce the exact timing of natural events.

Given clauses (a), (b), (c) below (a) higher personal certainty that global warming is happening, (b) viewing the global warming observed over the past 150 years as mostly human - caused, and (c) perception of global warming as harmful.

The best available scientific evidence suggests that changes in the climate observed over the past few decades are likely to accelerate, with implications for the health and welfare of every community around the world and the performance of every sector of the economy.

Given the patterns we have observed over the last year, we could expect worsening conditions for some regions (India, Australia, some sections of South America, Eastern Europe) and the potential for a shift from one extreme to the next for other regions (US West Coast).

Put differently, a process observed over a finite time may be well - modeled by a random walk.

-- Warming trend of +0.16 °C / decade observed over [1910 — 1940] and [1970 — 2000] periods [c] A 60 years averaging also makes PDO variability disappear so that only background trend of +0.06 °C / decade, as observed since 1880, remains.

Figure 9.5 shows that simulations that incorporate anthropogenic forcings, including increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and the effects of aerosols, and that also incorporate natural external forcings provide a consistent explanation of the observed temperature record, whereas simulations that include only natural forcings do not simulate the warming observed over the last three decades.

Even the climate we have observed over the past century or so is only one realization of what the real system might produce.