Sentences with phrase «observed rates»

Results indicated that relative to the changes in the comparison sample, the parent training sample showed a significantly greater reduction in the observed rates of deviant child behavior.

His model predicted, in different fields of medical research, rates of wrongness roughly corresponding to the observed rates at which findings were later convincingly refuted: 80 percent of non-randomized studies (by far the most common type) turn out to be wrong, as do 25 percent of supposedly gold - standard randomized trials, and as much as 10 percent of the platinum - standard large randomized trials.»

In his House of Commons presentation, toward the end, he gives a sketch of an alternative derivation of the «Climate Sensitivity» based on observed rates of evaporation increase per change in sea surface temperature, and this based on data from the 2007 paper by Wentz et.

I should not be surprised if, in due course, the Professor were to publish a paper on the implications of the remarkably substantial discrepancy between the model - predicted and actually - observed rates of change in surface evaporation per unit change in surface temperature.

One possible explanation is that the CMIP5 models underestimate the strength of the feedback as did the CMIP3 models based upon the systematic errors in simulated sea ice coverage decline relative to observed rates (Boe et al., 2009b).

However, these restrictions may explain the observed rates of corticoids consumption, which raise a new public health problem, given that corticoids may have severe side effects.

If we want to know why SST is changing at observed rates (long term), or why it takes so long for changes in atmospheric dynamics to register fully in the ocean, OHC is critical, but if we simply want to quantify the change, the direct measurements are more appropriate.

Leaving aside the issue of whether or not EBC may act in an abortifacient way in some cases, every single such study has found that schemes promoting EBC simply do not reduce observed rates of unwanted pregnancies or abortions.

This observed rate and CI are statistically congruent with rates reported by Johnson and Daviss [4] and Kennare et al [30] but are higher than the intrapartum death rates reported by de Jonge et al, [10] Hutton et al, [12] and Stapleton et al. [14]»

To be more specific, the models project that over the next 20 years, for a range of plausible emissions, the global temperature will increase at an average rate of about 0.2 degree C per decade, close to the observed rate over the past 30 years.

«This immediately pointed to the importance of sea surface temperatures, and also suggested that models are capable of reproducing the observed rate of tropical widening, that is, they were not «deficient» in some way.»

Thus, even coupled models can simulate the observed rate of tropical widening, but only if they simulate the real - world evolution of the PDO.»

«When we analyzed IPCC climate model experiments driven with the time - evolution of observed sea surface temperatures, we found much larger rates of tropical widening, in better agreement to the observed rate — particularly in the Northern Hemisphere,» Allen said.

«Prior analyses have found that climate models underestimate the observed rate of tropical widening, leading to questions on possible model deficiencies, possible errors in the observations, and lack of confidence in future projections,» said Robert J. Allen, an assistant professor of climatology in UC Riverside's Department of Earth Sciences, who led the study.

Complementary analyses of the surface mass balance of Greenland (Tedesco et al, 2011) also show that 2010 was a record year for melt area extent... Extrapolating these melt rates forward to 2050, «the cumulative loss could raise sea level by 15 cm by 2050 ″ for a total of 32 cm (adding in 8 cm from glacial ice caps and 9 cm from thermal expansion)- a number very close to the best estimate of Vermeer & Rahmstorf (2009), derived by linking the observed rate of sea level rise to the observed warming.

On time - scales of a few decades, the current observed rate of warming can be used to constrain the projected response to a given emissions scenario despite uncertainty in climate sensitivity.

Certainly general base catalysis contributes to the observed rate enhancement of ̃1011 - fold relative to the uncatalyzed reaction in water [85], with the enzyme providing the general base and positioning it for proton abstraction.

In subjects with low blood selenium levels, the combination of CoQ10 and selenium lowered the observed rate of death from an absolute measure of 24 percent to 12 percent.

In PIP + people not employed by UFT or DOE observe U rated teachers and basically rubber stamp the U's in most cases.

In Syracuse, the observed rate of headset use was essentially unchanged, while observed headset use decreased in the comparison community.

As well as this, as was the issue in 2008, banks must also be seen to be staying within the banking code of conduct, observing rates rather than trying to manipulate them.

If it is net negative then explaining the observed rate of sea level rise is problematic.

another ~ 1W / m2...» when the discussion is about the IPCC's claim of a 1 % growth rate (about 3.8 ppmv) and the long - term observed rate which is less than 50 % of that figure?

How is GHG warming the oceans AT THE OBSERVED RATE?

3 claims that the GHG human emission rate is approximately 2 times larger than the observed rate during the last decades, so if the Sun drives a little bit the CO2 and CH4 cycle mechanisms (which in this case are absorbing large amount of CO2 and CH4 from the atmosphere) it might leave a signal in the CO2 and CH4 record as well.

The reasonable agreement in recent years between the observed rate of sea level rise and the sum of thermal expansion and loss of land ice suggests an upper limit for the magnitude of change in land - based water storage, which is relatively poorly known.

7: Why has the observed rate of warming, on all datasets, been tumbling for decades notwithstanding predictions that it would at least remain stable?

me warming of the earth's temperature, but that the observed rate of warming (both at the earth's surface and throughout the lower atmosphere) is considerably less than has been anticipated by the collection of climate models upon whose projections climate alarm (i.e., justification for strict restrictions on the use of fossil fuels) is built.

What's lost in a lot of the discussion about human - caused climate change is not that the sum of human activities is leading to some warming of the earth's temperature, but that the observed rate of warming (both at the earth's surface and throughout the lower atmosphere) is considerably less than has been anticipated by the collection of climate models upon whose projections climate alarm (i.e., justification for strict restrictions on the use of fossil fuels) is built.

Tamino at the Open Mind blog has also compared the rates of warming projected by the FAR, SAR, and TAR (estimated by linear regression) to the observed rate of warming in each global surface temperature dataset.

It may be worth considering that if climate models are underplaying the actual amount of Arctic sea ice loss, and if Arctic sea ice loss is a positive feedback on global temperature, then, the observed rate of Arctic sea ice loss ought to be applying a warming pressure over and above that from greenhouse gas emissions.

This is within the uncertainty range of the observed rate of warming (0.15 ± 0.08 °C) per decade since 1990, and very close to the central estimate.

The difference between modeled and observed warming rates is approximately 0.07 to 0.08 deg C / decade, more than 60 % higher than the observed rate.

The JGR paper is full of «might have», «may have», «could have» caveats along with «Its comparison with available bottom water measurements shows reasonably good agreement, indicating that deep ocean warming below 700 m might have contributed 1.1 mm / yr to the global mean SLR or one - third of the altimeter - observed rate of 3.11 ± 0.6 mm / yr over 1993 — 2008.»

The IPCC's predicted rate of increase in ocean heat content over the past decade or two has proven to be four and a half times greater than the observed rate of increase.

Viable avenues for improving the information base include determining the primary causes of variation among different climate models and determining which climate models exhibit the best ability to reproduce the observed rate of sea ice loss.

The observed rate of warming given above is less than half of this simulated rate, and only a few simulations provide warming trends within the range of observational uncertainty.

AR4's summary for policy makers stated that the first IPCC projection from AR1 (for the period 1990 to 2005) was «0.15 C to 0.3 C per decade», while the observed rate was 0.2 C per decade.

When accounting for actual GHG emissions, the IPCC average «Best» model projection of 0.2 °C per decade is within the uncertainty range of the observed rate of warming (0.15 ± 0.08 °C) per decade since 1990.

This figure indicates 3 things: (1) the time lag between emitting greenhouse gases and when we see the principle effect is about 30 years, due mostly to the time required to heat the oceans, (2) the rate of temperature increase predicted by a climate sensitivity of 3 °C tracks well with the observed rate of temperature increase, and (3) we have already locked in more than 1.5 °C warming.

Dekker (Public), 4.60, (4.15 - 5.05 standard deviation range), Statistical Arctic sea ice decline has global implications for Northern Hemisphere weather patterns and Arctic eco systems and wild life alike, and thus it is concerning that our global climate models so far appear to underestimate the observed rate of decline based on albedo amplification of sea ice alone.

To cut a long story short, Rose is confusing the historically observed rate of warming since 1950 (an annual rate of 0.12 degrees per decade, almost exactly as reported in 2007) with estimates of the likely future rate of warming (generally about 0.2 degrees per decade).

«Sixty years of melting at the presently observed rate are enough to launch a process that is unstoppable and goes on for thousands of years»

«In our simulations, 60 years of melting at the presently observed rate are enough to launch a process that is unstoppable and goes on for thousands of years.

So, erring on the conservative side, let's take 0.085 °C / decade as the observed rate after correcting for the Thompson et al. error and non-climatic warming.

Given that the IPCC models significantly underestimate the observed rate of Arctic sea - ice decline (17), a summer ice - loss threshold, if not already passed, may be very close and a transition could occur well within this century.

It shows how the observed rate of global warming compares with the rate of global warming projected to have occurred by the collection of climate models used by the IPCC.

6) Over the last two decades the observed rate of increase in GMST -LCB- global mean surface temperature -RCB- has been at the lower end of rates simulated by CMIP5 models (Figure11.25 a).

Fyfe's findings are based on a study of 117 GCM simulations over a 20 - year period comparing the results of model predictions to the observed rate of warming.

If McKitrick (2007)(G, H) is correct that temperature since 1980 has risen at only half of the observed rate, outturn tracks Hansen's CO2 stabilization case (A), although emissions have risen rapidly since 1988.