However, they reported that participants who used chat as the primary mode of communication (eg, as opposed to email) had consistently higher means for the therapeutic alliance than did participants who used email (overall alliance, t13 = 1.54, P =.10, d = 1.13; agreement on task, t13 = 0.89, P =.37, d = 0.54; agreement on goals, t13 = 1.54, P =.12, d = 1.09; bond, t13 = 1.92, P =.07, d = 1.19),
obtaining medium to
large effect sizes.