The category of perceptivity that we apply to
all occasions of actuality allows us to envision them as actively synthesizing the past into themselves.
Whitehead asserts that «
every occasion of actuality is in its own nature finite.
Not exact matches
Granted, therefore, that God's infinite conceptual valuation
of pure possibility may justly be termed «free» since it is «limited by no
actuality which it presupposes (PR 524), yet the temporal integrative activity
of his consequent nature, whereby he loves particular
occasions of the actual world, may also be called «free,» though in a somewhat different sense.
For the attained
actualities of the external world are objectified within C [the regional standpoint
of C], and these «objectifications express the causality by which the external world fashions the actual
occasion in question» (PR 489)» (327).
But his insistence that» [t] he envisaging creativity, the continuum
of extension, B's anticipatory feeling
of C, the disjunctive plurality
of attained
actualities, the multiplicity
of eternal objects, and the primordial nature
of God are all alike involved in the creation
of C's dative [i.e., purely receptive] phase» (326) would lead one to believe that some sort
of objective medium must he present to facilitate the transmission to the new
occasion of so many non-objective factors in its self - constitution (e g creativity, the anticipatory feelings
of B and other past
occasions, the multiplicity
of eternal objects, the divine primordial nature, etc.).
In more technical terms, this «inclusion as an immediate fact
of relevant experience» by each temporal
actuality is the feeling by each concrescing
occasion of its own initial aim.
(3) At first Whitehead tries to derive the subjective aim from the activities
of the
occasion itself, as it seeks to unify its multiple past in the light
of the multiple interrelatedness
of the realm
of eternal objects (i.e., the nontemporal
actuality of God objectified).
He adds himself to the world as the vision
of ideal possibility, from which every new
occasion takes its rise, thereby ensuring a measure
of order and value in a situation that could otherwise be only chaotic and indeed could achieve no
actuality at all.
It is a process
of concrescence, that is, a process in which a new concrete
actuality emerges from the diverse actual
occasions that make up its world.
The Whiteheadian
actuality, the
occasion, represents a complete and thoroughgoing rejection
of the substance - attribute conception, and is entirely relational in its essence.
51 In his discussion
of how both God and world operate upon a becoming
occasion, God always is working with the «given,» that is, the
actuality of past decisions for good or for ill and all qualities inbetween.
Every new settlement
of that community, every new disjunctive multiplicity
of attained
actualities, gives rise, through the transcendent process
of transition, to a new
occasion in which that particular settlement is reproduced and in which the settlement as reproduced is then synthesized into a final unity
of experience by the immanent process
of concrescence.
Clearly, then, Whitehead intended «
actuality» to be predicable
of the
occasion qua superject, as well as
of the
occasion qua subject; and this is what we would expect only if «
actuality» is to be predicated
of whatever either is, or has been, self - realizing.
But if we hold, as for example in Process and Reality, that all final individual
actualities have the metaphysical character
of occasions of experience, then on that hypothesis the direct evidence as to the connectedness
of one's immediately present
occasion of experience with one's immediately past
occasions, can be validly used to suggest categories applying to the connectedness
of all
occasions in nature.
Reference to the
actuality of completed
occasions, in PR and in other major works, is surely the rule rather than the exception.
Hence, in the general sense in which the notion
of actuality is tied to the notion
of self - realization, the superjective existence
of an
occasion is as actual as its subjective existence.
In the second sense, the causal objectification within an
occasion of its antecedent world may be construed as the cumulative character
of time, or, in more systematic terms,
of the creative advance
of actuality.
It was with a view toward the elucidation
of the world's connectedness, Whitehead himself informs us, that he chose the basic working hypothesis
of his philosophy — namely, that the final
actualities of the world have the necessary features
of acts, or
occasions,
of experience (AI 283f; see also PR 65, 114, 217).
For Husserl every
actuality (Whitehead's actual
Occasion) is an expression
of an essence (Whitehead's eternal object); experience is composed
of «individual instances
of... essences» (Ideas 113).
I need to emphasize the
actuality of the superject (or, what is the same, the superjective existence
of the
actuality) because the misinterpretation
of the principle
of process has often gone hand in hand with the mistaken belief that «
actuality» can be properly predicated
of an
occasion only while it is in the process
of becoming.3 This widespread and deeply rooted mistake deserves more attention than I can give it here without digressing extensively from my main thesis.
Now, in what sense is an
occasion's universe — understood as a community
of settled, or completed,
actualities — immanent in the
occasion itself?
We hold that the test for
actuality is the ability to act, to exert power and influence on the coming to be
of individual quantum events and larger societies
of occasions.
None
of this would be possible unless
actuality is granted to societies
of occasions, and not just to
occasions.
It looks back to the constitution
of an actual
occasion by other
actualities in terms
of internal relations (prehensions) in Science and the Modern World and forward to «transition» (PR 210C).
Every actual
occasion has temporal thickness and every present actual entity is a response to
actualities of the settled past.
The meaning
of these distinctions for my present dispute with Professor Cobb is simply this: the concept
of regions as potentialities that can not, qua potentialities, be said to originate with the becoming
of occasions logically presupposes as its necessary condition the concept
of regions as
actualities, regions which, qua
actualities, do originate with the becoming
of occasions.
Whitehead's reconciliation involved combining the earlier point, that all
actualities in the world are
occasions of experience, with the idea that God is the chief exemplification, not the exception to, the metaphysical principles applicable to all finite
actualities.
First, God prehends every component
of the satisfaction
of every actual
occasion; nothing in the domain
of finite
actuality is excluded.
The intuition that I, with my conscious experience, am an actual individual with the power
of self - determination, to make decisions and to cause my body to do my bidding, is reconciled with the equally strong sense that my body is real, and that it exerts powerful causation upon me, in terms
of the speculative hypothesis that all actual
occasions are
occasions of experience, so that interaction
of body and mind is not the unintelligible interaction
of unlikes (the unintelligibility
of which has led philosophers to deny the distinct
actuality either
of the mind or
of the body).
The justification for any relevance extending beyond
actuality would have to depend upon the internal relatedness
of the eternal objects ordered as a realm, The
occasion incorporates these new elements in forming its «ideal
of itself by reference to eternal principles
of valuation.»
To say that God in his consequent nature can prehend a contemporary actual entity, a then - concrescing
occasion, is to provide a ground for the datum (viz, the
actuality of the then - concrescing
occasion) but is to make an exception
of God in order to prevent the collapse
of the system.
This has been widely recognized, but we wish to go further and claim that the
actuality required is provided supremely by, the living immediacy
of the finite
occasions, the exclusive sharpness
of the very act
of decision whereby one value becomes actual.
For the
occasion values just this togetherness
of actuality, cutting off all alternative possibilities in the decisiveness which is its immediate experience.
The wholeness
of an
occasion in its subjective unity is the vital and exclusive
actuality which is completely lacking in the inclusiveness
of the primordial vision taken by itself.
In one sense, every
occasion of experience enjoys some freedom in forming itself into whatever it becomes in its moment
of actuality.
An
occasion of experience must receive not only the
actuality of the past but also alternative possibilities for its own self - constitution.
Although this little book (it can be called an occasional address, yet without having the
occasion which produces the speaker and gives him authority, or the
occasion which produces the reader and makes him eager to learn) is like a fantasy, like a dream by day as it confronts the relationships
of actuality: yet it is not without assurance and not without hope
of accomplishing its object.
The prehension
of God's consequent nature (how God has prehended the past
actuality of that
occasion) reveals a specific response to the past
occasion.
On the other hand his control and efficacy operate not by arbitrary (that is to say, independent and «omnipotent») overruling, nor by being the only active elements in the
occasion; but by the persuasive molding
of new possibilities, by redirecting the pressures
of prior
actualities, by providing new opportunity for advance, and by offering the «lure» which evokes from each
occasion in the ongoing process the movement towards satisfaction
of its «subjective aim».
In its
actuality salvation is enjoyment; at its acme it is ecstasy — the unrestrained joy experienced on the
occasion of an acute awareness
of the harmonious union
of life with its surrounding community and its ultimate ground.
Whitehead speaks
of decision as the mark
of actuality, because the
occasion decides or cuts off the alternative possibilities
of Integrating the past in order to become the one single
actuality that it is.
As such he was one
of the formative elements
of the world, and not an
actuality like the actual
occasions enjoying his own subjective immediacy.
We have already seen that each
actuality is an organismic unity, whether it be the unity
of prehensions in an actual
occasion, the unity
of a nexus
of actual
occasions, or even the unity
of many nexus.
In effect, then,
actuality is good insofar as it
occasions an intrinsic experience
of harmonious intensity.
Here is a case, we are told «in which God does aim to be the main content
of that which is re-enacted or incarnated from the past, so that an
occasion of human experience would not so much re-enact its own human past as some important aspect
of the divine
actuality» (1:146).
Insofar as the several
occasions are mutually supportive
of one another, they also contribute, but should they clash, or be individually trivial, they detract from this final unity
of all
actuality within God.
And, insofar as we actualize a unity
of outlook and purpose with our peers through our common appreciation
of the Christ - image, and our appropriation
of this image as the guiding principle
of our lives, we realize ever more perfectly that mutual inherence in one another and in God that is at the same time present
actuality and (in its perfection) goal for every actual
occasion.
Is not God's inclusion
of every worldly
occasion in God's own everlasting
actuality a sort
of «judgement»?
To be an
occasion of experience is to be an
actuality, and to be an
actuality is to have value in and for itself.
A finite
actuality or
occasion of experience exhausts its creativity (its only power
of transcendence) in a momentary act
of self - unification, to be superseded by others.