Studies that have explored species responses to biotic stimuli and interactions
under ocean acidification conditions using laboratory experiments [25 — 28]-RRB- and field observations or manipulations around CO2 vents [29 — 32] provide some evidence that species interactions and community dynamics can be fundamentally affected.
The GOA - ON Requirements and Governance Plan provides both broad concepts and key critical details on how to meet our high level goals of: 1) to improve our understanding of
global ocean acidification conditions; 2) to improve our understanding of ecosystem response to ocean acidification; 3) and to acquire and exchange the data and knowledge necessary to optimize the modeling of ocean acidification and its impacts.
Reducing stressors that
exacerbate ocean acidification conditions — Managers can support the resilience of reefs by reducing other stressors that affect marine ecosystems (e.g., declining water quality, coastal pollution, and overfishing of important species and functional groups, such as herbivores.
After 500 generations under controlled CO2 conditions adapted cultures grew and calcified significantly better compared non-adapted control cultures when tested
under ocean acidification conditions.
Two groups of urchins were held at different pH levels — one that was low pH, akin to
ocean acidification conditions, and another that mimicked normal non-upwelling pH conditions.
Reduced larval calcification in near - future
ocean acidification conditions is also evident for the calcifying larvae of molluscs [87,88].