Sentences with phrase «ocean and atmosphere layers»

The observed climate is just the equilibrium response to such variations with the positions of the air circulation systems and the speed of the hydrological cycle always adjusting to bring energy differentials between all the many ocean and atmosphere layers back towards equilibrium (Wilde's Law?).

Not exact matches

However, the Clark School researchers say blue whirls could improve remediation - by - combustion approaches by burning the oil layer with increased efficiency, reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere around it and the ocean beneath it.

But a an iridium layer - like defining geological boundary is most relevant because of the associated changes - most notably, changes to the chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean.

Without the ozone layer, ultraviolet rays from the sun would reach the surface at nearly full force, causing skin cancer and, more seriously, killing off the tiny photosynthetic plankton in the ocean that provide oxygen to the atmosphere and bolster the bottom of the food chain.

If we think of hurricanes as Stirling heat engines, then we realize that the two reservoirs are the mixed layer of the surface ocean (1) and the upper atmosphere (2); note that there is a general trend of stratospheric cooling as well.

From the gravity data we received from the Voyager flybys in 1986 (Uranus) and 1989 (Neptune), and from watching how the Uranian rings move, it appears that the planets are not simple, three - layer objects, with the densest rock in the center, surrounded by ocean with a hydrogen / helium atmosphere above it all.

This means that an increase in temperature and the associated reorganization in ocean circulation, for instance, had less of an effect on the marine ecosystem's ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in the subsurface layers of the ocean.

Stuck to their calcium carbonate platelets, organic matter sinks to the ocean floor — allowing surface layers to take up a new carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and process it.

And a «lot of water» here means hundreds or thousands of Earth oceans's worth of water, completely covering the silicate mantle of the planets, most likely in hundreds of km - thick high - pressure water ice layers, below thick liquid oceans or high - pressure steam atmospheres.

Increased warming of the cool skin layer (via increased greenhouse gases) lowers its temperature gradient (that is the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the layer), and this reduces the rate at which heat flows out of the ocean to the atmosphere.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

In the oceans, warmer weather is driving stronger winds that are exposing deeper layers of water, which are already saturated with carbon and not as able to absorb as much from the atmosphere.

mixed layer is oceanographically absurd is that all sorts of well - observed facets of the ocean go haywire if you assume a mixed layer to that depth — seasonal cycle, C14, CFC's, and for that matter the rate of removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

If one divides the earth into 50x50km blocks then I suppose that's about 200k grid points (times however many layers you want in the atmosphere) and as for the oceans I have no idea.

Soundbite version: «Global warming is expected to increase sea surface temperatures, create a thicker and warmer ocean surface layer, and increase the moisture in the atmosphere over the oceans — all conditions that should lead to a general increase in hurricane intensity and maybe frequency.»

Gravity does the pulling in the atmosphere and oceans, although, once in motion, viscous shear forces occur between adjacent layers moving at different velocities.

First, global mean surface temperature depends on the quantity of heat stored at the surface of the earth (earth, lower atmosphere, and the mixed layer of the oceans).

Lower Atmosphere is warming, oceans upper layers are warming, arctic summer sea ice is disappearing, WAIS and Greenland are both losing mass annually and the majority of the earths glaciers are losing mass too.

The surface heat capacity C (j = 0) was set to the equivalent of a global layer of water 50 m deep (which would be a layer ~ 70 m thick over the oceans) plus 70 % of the atmosphere, the latent heat of vaporization corresponding to a 20 % increase in water vapor per 3 K warming (linearized for current conditions), and a little land surface; expressed as W * yr per m ^ 2 * K (a convenient unit), I got about 7.093.

(1) The «fast response» component of the climate system, consisting of the atmosphere coupled to a mixed layer upper ocean, has very little natural variability on the decadal and longer time scale.

Still others cited material explaining various facets of ocean / atmosphere / irradiation interactions: direct SW warming of the oceans, advection of heat below the mixing layer, and possible LW warming of the «skin layer,» and so forth.

Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.

Even assuming that the dataset is comprehensive: Considering that the upper - ocean cooling is seen mainly at 30N and 30S, another explanation for this cooling is increased ocean — to — atmosphere heat transfer in these regions (possibly aided by hurricane - mixing of the upper ocean layer, and advection of deeper cold water as a result).

Incidentally, I have been unable to find out if the models which are producing the GW scenarios include some allowance for the fact that the ocean / atmosphere interface (the boundary layer, so called, an irritating nomenclature as the words already have a technical meaning) was changed drastically from about 1850 onwards by surfactant and oil spill pollution as the petrochemical industry and petrol engine technologies began to hit their stride.

This suggestion of an accelerated warming in a deep layer of the ocean has been suggested mostly on the basis of results from reanalyses of different types (that is, numerical simulations of the ocean and atmosphere that are forced to fit observations in some manner).

What keeps the hurricane going is the cold upper atmosphere and the warm sea surface (and a warm mixed layer of the upper ocean will sustain the hurricane)-- just like a Carnot heat engine.

I just don't see how you get from W / M2 to temperature without dealing with the specific heat of the various layers of the atmosphere and oceans.

There is such an equilibrium exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and the surface layer of the oceans, and there is the natural equilibrium that most of vegetation first grows and then decays and returns CO2 to the atmosphere.

Nice misconception you have going there but the real argument is that CO2 can lower the temperature gradient of the cool skin layer, which slows the heat loss to the atmosphere and increased levels of greenhouse gases lead to more heat being stored in the oceans over the long - term.

In any given region, the relative amounts of CO2 contained in the atmosphere and dissolved in the ocean's surface layer determine whether the ocean - water emits or absorbs gas.

«The turbulent mixing in thin ocean surface boundary layers (OSBL), which occupy the upper 100 m or so of the ocean, control the exchange of heat and trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean.»

These are «the microenvironment of marine plankton» and «the surface boundary layer of the ocean (gas exchange atmosphere - ocean)».

Since there are several thermodynamic layers in both the oceans and atmosphere, there would be more than one oscillation.

The earth's oceans can be modeled (shudder) as series of masses corresponding to different layers with energy inputs decreasing with depth, and with the low mass, low heat capacity atmosphere on top.

I am not a modeler, but I had been understanding that they modeled the energy transfers between each cell of the models as well as between each layer of the atmosphere and ocean.

This is the reason I have mentioned that when you assume all layers of the atmosphere and oceans have a fast time constant you miss the possibility that there is some trickle charging happening in the system.

The ocean surface layer and the atmosphere are in close equilibrium in less than 2 years.

Until about 1850, there was some natural variability, as can be seen in coralline sponges (following the changes in the upper ocean layer) and ice cores (for the atmosphere).

The ocean surface layer is what directly matters, that contains somewhat more CO2 than the atmosphere (1,000 GtC vs. 800 GtC), but the chemical reactions in the ocean water push the equilibrium back, so that ultimately the surface water - air equilibrium is reached with a 1:9 partitioning between water and air, reverse and far away from the 50:1.

That was compared to real world observations of quantities and isotope changes in atmosphere and the oceans mixed layer.

The current total amounts of carbon in the atmosphere and the ocean surface layer are about 1:1.

Henry's Law still holds, as the amount of free CO2 in the water follows the increase in the atmosphere, but free CO2 is less than 1 % of the total amount of carbon in the oceans surface layer, the bulk are bicarbonates and carbonates, which don't follow Henry's Law, but influence the amount of free CO2.

Ocean surface layer and atmosphere have rapid exchanges (1 - 2 years) to equilibrium.

New evidence shows that the ocean also acts as a source of organic matter from biogenic origin -LSB-...] Surface - active organic matter of biogenic origin -LSB-...] enriched in the oceanic surface layer and transferred to the atmosphere by bubble - bursting processes, are the most likely candidates to contribute to the observed organic fraction in marine aerosol.

Petra, The global average surface temperature as calculated by the various groups is an indicator of the warming of the system that includes the oceans, the atmosphere and the uppermost layers of ground.

They are measuring everything, and they see the radiative imbalance and the TSI and the ocean currents and the entire planetary surface and the atmosphere layer temperatures, etc..

«Assessing Impacts of PBL and Surface Layer Schemes in Simulating the Surface — Atmosphere Interactions and Precipitation over the Tropical Ocean Using Observations from AMIE / DYNAMO.»

The point is that this observation is not very relevant if the outcome comes from a combination of relevant and persistently warming data from areas where the temperature is strongly correlated with increase in the heat content of oceans, atmosphere and continental topmost layers, and almost totally irrelevant data from areas and seasons where and when exceptionally great natural variability of surface temperatures makes these temperatures essentially irrelevant for the determination of longterm trends.

Once the CO2 concentration of the upper ocean is depleted by growth and sinking of phytoplankton, the timescale for gas exchange with the atmosphere is about a year for a one - hundred meter ocean mixed layer, typical of the tropics.