Sentences with phrase «ocean and atmosphere observation»

Not exact matches

Donald Hunten of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona at Tucson claims to know the answer: His observations of falling particles in Titan's atmosphere indicate that the putative ocean consists of a solid pile of «smust.»

The collection of larger than usual amounts of Arctic winter weather data in 2015 was due to two reasons: the Norwegian research vessel Lance was in the Arctic Ocean observing and collecting upper atmosphere meteorological data, and the frequency of observation and data collection was increased at some of the land - based observation stations around the Arctic.

Suomi NPP's job is to collect environmental observations of atmosphere, ocean and land for both NOAA's weather and oceanography operational missions and NASA's research mission to continue the long - term climate record to better understand Earth's climate and long - term trends.

«If this conclusion is confirmed by future observations, it would mean that the coastal ocean will become more and more efficient at removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,» said Goulven Lurallue, the paper's lead author and a researcher with Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium.

Researchers carry out innovative basic and applied research programs in coral reef biology, ecology, and geology; fish biology, ecology, and conservation; shark and billfish ecology; fisheries science; deep - sea organismal biology and ecology; invertebrate and vertebrate genomics, genetics, molecular ecology, and evolution; microbiology; biodiversity; observation and modeling of large - scale ocean circulation, coastal dynamics, and ocean atmosphere coupling; benthic habitat mapping; biodiversity; histology; and calcification.

Field observations of microbes recovered from deep drill cores, deep mines, and the ocean floor, coupled with laboratory investigations, reveal that microbial life can exist at conditions of extreme temperatures (to above 110ºC) and pressures (to > 10,000 atmospheres) previous thought impossible.

By combining the ocean heating rates, TOA observations (figure 4) and other energy storage terms (land, atmosphere warming and ice melt), the authors calculated Earth's energy imbalance from January 2001 - December 2010 to be 0.5 (± 0.43) W / m2.

Ocean scientists plan to maintain their observations over months and years to study how the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere evolve and inteOcean scientists plan to maintain their observations over months and years to study how the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere evolve and inteocean, and atmosphere evolve and interact.

The decrease over the last 20 years is well substantiated by observation and is indistinguishable from the calculated decline assuming that the surface ocean is in near thermodynamic equilibrium with increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere.

However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.

There is a significant component of «synoptic» variability in the ocean as well (eddies etc.) and so while the variation is less than in the atmosphere, for many areas there aren't / weren't sufficient independent observations to be sure of the mean values.

Summary for Policymakers Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface Chapter 3: Observations: Ocean Chapter 4: Observations: Cryosphere Chapter 5: Information from Paleoclimate Archives Chapter 6: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles Chapter 7: Clouds and Aerosols Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing Chapter 8 Supplement Chapter 9: Evaluation of Climate Models Chapter 10: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional Chapter 11: Near - term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability Chapter 12: Long - term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility Chapter 13: Sea Level Change Chapter 14: Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change Chapter 14 Supplement Technical Summary

This suggestion of an accelerated warming in a deep layer of the ocean has been suggested mostly on the basis of results from reanalyses of different types (that is, numerical simulations of the ocean and atmosphere that are forced to fit observations in some manner).

The empirical observations made in atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets and on biosphere have been important in this process.

Ocean - atmosphere interactions in observations, theory, and models.

Evaluating ocean and atmospheric observations with advanced modeling tools, scientists from NOAA and CIRES found that about 60 percent of 2016's record warmth was caused by record - low sea ice observed that year, and the ensuing transfer of ocean heat to the atmosphere across wide expanses of ice - free or barely frozen Arctic Oocean and atmospheric observations with advanced modeling tools, scientists from NOAA and CIRES found that about 60 percent of 2016's record warmth was caused by record - low sea ice observed that year, and the ensuing transfer of ocean heat to the atmosphere across wide expanses of ice - free or barely frozen Arctic Oocean heat to the atmosphere across wide expanses of ice - free or barely frozen Arctic OceanOcean.

It is a state of the art long - range forecast system using ocean, atmosphere, ice and land data observations to initiate outlooks up to nine months ahead.

Also, you may not be aware that the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS, www.icoads.gov) ingests all of the marine observations and is used in all reanalyses.

However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.

Here a simple biologically and physically - based model of sapflow potential is used to assess observed changes in sapflow across the Northeastern US from 1980 to 2006; document the correspondence between these observations and independent downscaled atmosphere ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations of conditions during this period; and quantify changes in sapflow potential through 2100.

«Observational evidence of decadal change in cloud cover is seen in a 2009 study by Amy Clements and colleagues using surface observation of clouds from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS).

That was compared to real world observations of quantities and isotope changes in atmosphere and the oceans mixed layer.

SHEBA observations of the evolution of temperature over the course of winter within the atmosphere (red), at the snow surface (black), at the top of the sea ice (green), and at the ocean surface beneath the sea ice (blue).

As the lead time shortens, there is more opportunity for heuristic forecasts based on persistence or observations of the current state of the atmosphere and ocean.

«Assessing Impacts of PBL and Surface Layer Schemes in Simulating the Surface — Atmosphere Interactions and Precipitation over the Tropical Ocean Using Observations from AMIE / DYNAMO.»

The point is that this observation is not very relevant if the outcome comes from a combination of relevant and persistently warming data from areas where the temperature is strongly correlated with increase in the heat content of oceans, atmosphere and continental topmost layers, and almost totally irrelevant data from areas and seasons where and when exceptionally great natural variability of surface temperatures makes these temperatures essentially irrelevant for the determination of longterm trends.

Critcisms of the energy budget model approach are that it is sensitive to uncertainties in observations and doesn't account for slow feedbacks between the atmosphere, deep oceans and ice sheets.

Ocean scientists would like to sustain their observations over months and years to see how the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere evOcean scientists would like to sustain their observations over months and years to see how the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere evocean, and atmosphere evolve.

Three scientific panels, reporting to the Steering Committee, were established to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains (atmosphere, oceans and land), to prepare specific programme elements and to make recommendations for implementation:

This time period is too short to signify a change in the warming trend, as climate trends are measured over periods of decades, not years.12, 29,30,31,32 Such decade - long slowdowns or even reversals in trend have occurred before in the global instrumental record (for example, 1900 - 1910 and 1940 - 1950; see Figure 2.2), including three decade - long periods since 1970, each followed by a sharp temperature rise.33 Nonetheless, satellite and ocean observations indicate that the Earth - atmosphere climate system has continued to gain heat energy.34

The global ocean temperature analysis is primarily based on buoy and ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS), while monthly data updates come from the Global Telecommunications System (ocean temperature analysis is primarily based on buoy and ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS), while monthly data updates come from the Global Telecommunications System (Ocean Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS), while monthly data updates come from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS).

The widespread change detected in temperature observations of the surface, free atmosphere and ocean, together with consistent evidence of change in other parts of the climate system, strengthens the conclusion that greenhouse gas forcing is the dominant cause of warming during the past several decades.

These and other observations can be integrated into a model with feedbacks and having two unstable end ‐ points that is consistent both with classical studies of past climate states, and also with recent analysis of ice dynamics in the Arctic basin by Zhakarov, whose oscillatory model identifies feedback mechanisms in atmosphere and ocean, both positive and negative, that interact in such a manner as to prevent long ‐ term trends in either ice ‐ loss or ice ‐ gain on the Arctic Ocean to proceed to an ultimate socean, both positive and negative, that interact in such a manner as to prevent long ‐ term trends in either ice ‐ loss or ice ‐ gain on the Arctic Ocean to proceed to an ultimate sOcean to proceed to an ultimate state.

The SST data used here comprise over 80 million observations from the UK Main Marine Data Bank, the United States Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) and recent information telecommunicated from ships and buoys from the World Weather Watch.

If the whole policy issues did not exist, the ocean - atmosphere - climate physics realm is pretty good from for the scientific methodological perspective (consistent progress in observation, theory and modeling).

Fair enough — except that US continental spot observations is the wrong place and method to look for changes in cloud associated with ocean and atmosphere regimes.

However, in August 2015, the US Coast Guard with additional support from agencies such as the Office of Naval Research and NOAA carried out a ground breaking atmosphere - ice - ocean observation flight to the North Pole.

Compared with observed atmospheric and ocean warming, the hindcasts tracked the observations best in both atmosphere and ocean for a pCO2 - doubling, climate sensitivity of 2.5 K.

Develop interagency and international support for year - round, coordinated atmosphere, sea - ice, and ocean observations in the sea - ice environment of the central Arctic Basin.

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter9.pdf The widespread change detected in temperature observations of the surface (Sections 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3), free atmosphere (Section 9.4.4) and ocean (Section 9.5.1), together with consistent evidence of change in other parts of the climate system (Section 9.5), strengthens the conclusion that greenhouse gas forcing is the dominant cause of warming during the past several decades.

I can't possibly take seriously any discussion which hinges on this commonly number that the earth is 33C warmer than it would be sans ocean and atmosphere when it appears to be 5C smaller than experimental observations.

-- First we increase the greenhouse gases — then that causes warming in the atmosphere and oceans — as the oceans warm up, they evaporate more H2O — more moisture in the air means more precipitation (rain, snow)-- the southern hemisphere is essentially lots of water and a really big ice cube in the middle called Antarctica — land ice is different than sea ice — climate models indicated that more snowfall would cause increases in the frozen H2O — climate models indicated that there would be initial increases in sea ice extent — observations confirm the indications and expectations that precipitation is increasing, calving rates are accelerating and sea ice extent is increasing.

The analysis involved a brand new ocean analysis (ORAS4; Balmaseda et al., 2013) based on an optimal use of observations, data assimilation, and an ocean model forced with state - of - the - art description of the atmosphere (reanalyses).

While the climate system is very complex, observations have shown that our formulation of the physics of the atmosphere and oceans is largely correct, and ever improving.

What they did was constrain the Community Earth System Model with known ECS of 4.1 C (very high) to observations of global temperature and two different estimates of ocean heat uptake in combination with an ocean model coupled to an atmosphere model to represent natural internal variability.

J. Le Marshall, «The Use of Global AIRS Hyperspectral Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction,» 11th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface, 87th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, January 15 - 18, 2007, available at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/119660.pdf.

The important observation is that there is an imbalance between the ocean and the atmosphere.

In the Metzl et al paper for example (your link above), Ocean - atmosphere fluxes differ wildly between models and observations (more than 5 GTc / month, ie 60 Gt / y,) and measurements are made on short periods (less than a decade).