Sentences with phrase «ocean layer depth»

For example, Spencer has previously used a mixed ocean layer depth of 700 meters, because although this is physically unjustifiable, it allowed his model to fit the data with a low climate sensitivity.

Not exact matches

«So if I have this depression at the south pole, and I have beneath the surface 50 kilometers down a layer of water or an ocean, that layer of water at depth is a positive mass anomaly.

This information is critical to understanding the depth of the spray layer above the ocean surface and the overall impact of spray on storm intensity.

An onboard magnetometer will measure the depth and saltiness of the ocean and a spectrometer will measure chemicals in Europa's uppermost layers of ice.

They found that across ocean basins, the ratio of human - generated mercury to human - generated CO2 tends to stay consistent among waters in the same layer of depth, because coal burning, for example, emits both mercury and CO2.

The outer layer of this hydrosphere is almost entirely frozen, but current models predict that there is an ocean up to 100 kilometers in depth underneath the ice.

Do you mean by, «simple mixed layer ocean» that the variations of ocean temperature with depth are not part of the analysis?

mixed layer is oceanographically absurd is that all sorts of well - observed facets of the ocean go haywire if you assume a mixed layer to that depth — seasonal cycle, C14, CFC's, and for that matter the rate of removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.

The actual ocean mixed layer has a depth on the order of 50 meters.

The standard assumption has been that, while heat is transferred rapidly into a relatively thin, well - mixed surface layer of the ocean (averaging about 70 m in depth), the transfer into the deeper waters is so slow that the atmospheric temperature reaches effective equilibrium with the mixed layer in a decade or so.

Ocean measurements track the temperatures in the near surface layer (to about 5m depth).

If these layers were stacked vertically, this would correspond to 1/1000 of the ocean per year flowind downward across a depth in the ocean of roughly 360 m. I'm not sure how realistic that is.

A lot of reseach energy is being devoted to the study of Methane Clathrates — a huge source of greenhouse gases which could be released from the ocean if the thermocline (the buoyant stable layer of warm water which overlies the near - freezing deep ocean) dropped in depth considerably (due to GHG warming), or especially if the deep ocean waters were warmed by very, very extreme changes from the current climate, such that deep water temperatures no longer hovered within 4C of freezing, but warmed to something like 18C.

Ocean serves as the memory whereby slow oceanic Rossby waves and Kelvin waves propagate through the basin and affect the depth of the oceanic surface layer of warm water.

Given that the other important variables (sea surface temps, depth of the warm layer, and atmospheric moisture) are all predicted to increase, it seems hard to make the claim that tropical cyclones will be unchanged, just as it seemed unwise to claim that Lyman et al's «Recent cooling of the upper oceans» meant that climate models had fatal flaws.

Relative to the entire depth, oceans are essentially both cooled and warmed from above, but within the upper layer of the ocean, it is often the case that the oceans are warmed from below and cooled from above.

Presumably, it does take a lot of energy to move that much water faster, with the heat potentially being redistributed into deeper ocean layers associated with perhaps poorly understood fluctuations of the Antarctic convergence at depth?

Shaviv has one chart in his paper that show «Maximum annual depth (in meters) of the mixed layer based on the ocean temperature data set of Levitus and Boyer.»

The earth's oceans can be modeled (shudder) as series of masses corresponding to different layers with energy inputs decreasing with depth, and with the low mass, low heat capacity atmosphere on top.

Also, there is a very strong temperature gradient in the surface layer of the ocean to below the thermocline, so the depth attributed to each temperature data point is arrived at from an assumed rate of descent of the instrument.

The model shows how heat can be transported from the upper layer to a depth of 1 to 2 kilometers, in particular in parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably to the south of Greenland.

Of the 24,982 Lagrangian particles injected into the Southern Ocean at a depth of 1000 meters, 66 % were advected (in an average of 37.8 years) above a designated mixed layer depth boundary that the researchers deemed to be «a key boundary to separate failed and successful carbon sequestration.»

Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so - called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.

One part of that argument is based on the depth of mixed layer in the oceans in combination with the known chemistry of CO2 and carbonates.

c is the specific heat of sea water, D = 50m is the typical depth of the ocean - mixed layer, and t = 10 days is the restoring timescale.

The matched value of mixed - layer heat capacity works out to be 14.7 watt - years / deg C / m ^ 2, which roughly corresponds to a thermal mass equivalent of the top 120 m ocean water depth.

The rate that energy is distributed from the equator is not uniform between the hemispheres at any of the oceans depth layers or in the atmosphere.

For example, in the Pacific, when easterlies increase in strength (as happens during the cool phase of the PDO) the net surface may cool but more heat is being sequestered at depth due to increased Ekman pumping, thus the net energy content of the ocean increases, even with a cool surface layer.

The close relationship that exists between the dynamic height and the mass field of the ocean allows these two parameters to be used within a two - layer reduced gravity ocean model to monitor the upper layer thickness (Goni et al., 1996), which is defined in this study to go from the sea surface to the depth of the 20 °C isotherm.

Depending on the method used to interpolate the data (along isopycnals or vertically by station), the estimated random uncertainty of the computed TC02 values in the Atlantic Ocean throughout the water column below the wintertime mixed layer depth ranges from ± 7.1 µmol / kg to ± 5.9 µmol / kg.

When calculating the heat capacity of the ocean, restrict attention to the oceanic mixed layer, which averages only 50m in depth.

At the surface, the variability of temperatures over land is much greater than that over the oceans (Fig. 4), which reflects the very different heat capacities of the underlying surface and the depth of the layer linked to the surface.

Differences between the regression slope and the true feedback parameter are significantly reduced when 1) a more realistic value for the ocean mixed layer depth is used, 2) a corrected standard deviation of outgoing radiation is used, and 3) the model temperature variability is computed over the same time interval as the observations.

It emphasises that there is a strong internal relationship between the formation, stability and extent of sea ‐ ice and the structure of the upper layer of the Arctic ocean: it is the relative area and depth of low - salinity arctic water above the halocline that are paramount to ice formation and its summer survival.

According to the World Climate Report (IPCC), more than 80 % of the heat that Earth has additionally absorbed thus far due to the altered greenhouse effect is stored in the upper ocean layers down to a depth of 1 500 metres.

Further, air has little heat capacity and the wavelength of re-radiated radiation from CO2 is such that it can not effectively penetrate the oceans (depth of penetration about 10 microns) and at most it simply boils off a small layer of the ocean which probably has a net cooling effect.

We also know that the heat capacity of seawater is so much greater than that of air that the top three meters of global ocean have the same capacity as the entire planetary atmosphere, and that the «mixing layer» being discussed is at least thirty times that depth.

In our present simulations, the ocean's depth is reduced to 100 m with five layers so as to achieve a rapid equilibrium response to forcings; this depth limitation reduces poleward ocean transport by more than half.

Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)- Meridional (northsouth) overturning circulation in the ocean quantified by zonal (east - west) sums of mass transports in depth or density layers.

As illustrated in Figure 1 above, the study divides ocean warming into three layers for comparison — the uppermost 300 meters (grey), 700 meters (blue), and the full ocean depth (violet).

This is still very early science, and we have some estimates of what may happen to those from modelling studies, from looking at the way in which the heating of the very upper layers of the Arctic Ocean is transferred down through the depth of the ocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabiOcean is transferred down through the depth of the ocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabiocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabilise.

For the record, more than half (52 %) of ocean waters lie below the 2000 meter depth, so calling the 500 - 2,000 meter layer the «deep ocean» is still quite relative.

The lower panel shows the perturbation relative to mean from 2005 to 2015 in OHC (O E) for layers 0 — 275, 0 — 700 m depth, and for the entire column to the bottom of the ocean in 1022 J.

The Arctic Ocean is highly stratified with a roughly 50 metre thick layer of cold relatively fresh water above a thermocline where the water temperature and salinity both increase with depth.