Sentences with phrase «ocean layers decades»

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Their research remedies a problem that has plagued scientists for decades: ocean - observing satellites are incredibly powerful tools, but they can only «see» the surface layer of the ocean, leaving most of its depths out of reach.

Trenbeth and others have used simulation - based studies to suggest that the ocean is continuing to warm, but the deeper layers have been warming up more in the last decade.

For decades, research on climate variations in the Atlantic has focused almost exclusively on the role of ocean circulation as the main driver, specifically the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which carries warm water north in the upper layers of the ocean and cold water south in lower layers like a large conveyor belt.

A subsequent study by Balmaseda, Trenberth, and Källén (2013) determined that over the past decade, approximately 30 % of ocean warming has occurred in the deeper layers, below 700 meters.

The standard assumption has been that, while heat is transferred rapidly into a relatively thin, well - mixed surface layer of the ocean (averaging about 70 m in depth), the transfer into the deeper waters is so slow that the atmospheric temperature reaches effective equilibrium with the mixed layer in a decade or so.

Mercury levels in the upper layers of the ocean are up 3.4 x since the beginning of the industrial revolution, according to the first study to have done truly global measurements of marine mercury levels by taking thousands of samples around the world over half a decade.

For example, as discussed in Nuccitelli et al. (2012), the ocean heat content data set compiled by a National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) team led by Sydney Levitus shows that over the past decade, approximately 30 percent of ocean heat absorption has occurred in the deeper ocean layers, consistent with the results of Balmaseda et al. (2013).

The authors postulated that this warm salty water (WSW) layer, situated beneath the colder surface freshwater in the North Atlantic, generated ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE) over decades at the end of HS1.

According to KNMI the model results are comparable to other observations of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and ocean layer mixing over the past decade.

Statistical malpractice from Rosenthal et al.: «Levitus et al. (2012) report a mean ocean warming of the 0 - 700 m ocean layer of 0.18 °C between 1955 and 2010 [55 years], corresponding to ~ 0.033 °C per decade.

The mixed layer of the ocean is currently warming at 0.05 C / decade.

For however long this persists on the time scale of decades to centuries the next deeper ocean layer will be slowly warmed by the warmed up top layer.

Temperatures at the surface, in the troposphere (the active weather layer extending up to about 5 to 10 miles above the ground), and in the oceans have all increased over recent decades (Figure 2.2).

Right: global ocean heat - content (HC) decadal trends (1023 Joules per decade) for the upper ocean (surface to 300 meters) and two deeper ocean layers (300 to 750 meters and 750 meters to the ocean floor), with error bars defined as + / - one standard error x1.86 to be consistent with a 5 % significance level from a one - sided Student t - test.

The water acquires sulphur ions as it passes undersea volcanoes and it carries that sulphur with it to the ocean surface layer decades or centuries later.

Here is a figure estimating heat content changes for the decade from the 1990 ′ s to the 2000 ′ s showing that the deepest layers of the oceans have also warmed.

Right: global ocean heat - content (HC) decadal trends (1023 J per decade) for the upper ocean (surface to 300 m) and two deeper ocean layers (300 — 750m and 750 m — bottom), with error bars defined as + / - one standard error x1.86 to be consistent with a 5 % significance level from a one - sided Student t - test.

We are in the midst of a hiatus decade where global surface warming has been dampened, the increase of the upper OHC has slowed, but more heat is going into the deeper ocean layers.

They found that during these hiatus decades, less heat accumulates in the upper layers of the ocean, and more accumulates in the deeper layers (Figure 3).

Jones et al. (2003) investigated the changes in temperature over the past 4 decades at both the near surface (troposphere) and stratosphere layers, and compare them to changes predicted by a coupled atmosphere / ocean general circulation model, HadCM3.