Sentences with phrase «ocean layers in»

Either this is a truism (the sun must be heating the ocean surface first) or it is meant to take into account the complex circulations that occur in the ocean, like the Gulf Stream's involvement in a vertical rise of waters from deep ocean layers in one region and sinking of the cooled surface waters as the stream reaches its northern limit.

Research suggests that the heat building up in the upper ocean layers in this region — layers already so primed to support storms — will lead to even stronger typhoons in the future.

Temperatures measured by the ARGO floats and the XBTs before them are rising in the raw data, and the ocean heat content (OHC) is simply observed temperature change scaled by the thermal mass of the ocean layer in question - not some kind of complex model.

Not exact matches

They are normally found in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas.

Now the flood is supposed to have happened about 4361 years ago (2013)[1] so that means that if we go down that number of layers we should find on or about that layer evidence of the flood in the form of dead plankton, salt, and other ocean detritus.

This tidal energy produces more than enough internal heat to create a global water ocean, possibly as thick in places as 50 kilometers, buried under an outer layer of ice a few kilometers thick.

When they died, their shells sank to the bottom of the ocean, making the layers Meckler saw in the core.

While most scientists were focusing on the possibility of life in Europa's ocean, he and Bada had been talking about what biochemistry might happen in the 10 - mile - thick layer of ice atop the ocean.

Instead of submerging the 45 - ton carcass in the ocean, where tidal movements and sea creatures could clean the bones — as was done with the blue whale — the museum's restoration team buried the sperm whale for three months in a 60 - ton layer cake of hay mixed with bacteria - rich horse and elephant manure, procured from local farmers and an obliging zoo.

Scientists are debating whether the break in the cloud layer above the volcano is related to the eruption or simply the result of the normal way that ocean air dries as it moves over an island.

The Antarctic ice sheet, the thick layer of ice covering much of the continent, is anchored in place by its floating fringe, shelves of ice that jut out into the surrounding ocean.

Last year, a study published in Science Advances found that the oceans have been steadily storing more heat since the 1980s and that deeper layers of the ocean are starting to warm up, as well.

The smoke, from fires deep in Africa, is nearly invisible to satellites in space, and because the southeast Atlantic Ocean has few islands, the layers are hard to study from below.

The majority of this wastewater is ancient ocean brine that was trapped in rock layers along with gas and oil deposits.

Comparing layers in the ice - core samples and ocean sediments has allowed researchers to deduce e.g. how the average temperature on Earth has changed over time, and also how great the variability was.

For example, plastics are being distributed right throughout all the oceans, so one would expect a unique chemical signature in the oceans sedimantary layers from humans.

«It's hard to discern an ice sheet's cycles on land because it destroys the evidence,» she says, «but it dumps that evidence in the oceans, archived in layers on the bottom.»

During field trips out to West Texas, he and Rice students noticed hundreds of ash layers in exposed rock that dated to the Cretaceous period when much of western North America lay beneath a shallow ocean.

Without the ozone layer, ultraviolet rays from the sun would reach the surface at nearly full force, causing skin cancer and, more seriously, killing off the tiny photosynthetic plankton in the ocean that provide oxygen to the atmosphere and bolster the bottom of the food chain.

Ranging from the magnesium levels in microscopic seashells pulled from ocean sediment cores to pollen counts in layers of muck from lakebeds, the proxies delivered thousands of temperature readings over the period.

Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.

This enabled the research team to reconstruct, for the first time, a detailed picture of the environmental conditions at the ocean's surface, as well as in deeper water layers, over the last 30,000 years.

Temperature sensors in the oceans suggested that the surface layers joined the hiatus after 2003.

An «ocean» composed of a single layer of molecules; an intricate depiction of an HIV particle as a study in orange and gray; a phantasmagoria of fungi; a video tracing the long - distance travels of items dumped in the trash in Seattle: The four first - place winners in this year's International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge grab your attention and draw you into unseen worlds in very different ways.

Jessup wrote a computer program that uses images from standard infrared cameras to analyze temperature changes in the top layer of the oceans» waters caused by breaking waves.

They compared isotope measurements on the silica skeletons of diatoms, which store environmental signals from the ocean's surface, with isotope signals from radiolarians, which live in deeper water layers.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

Our study shows that the core should be «wrapped» in a layer of crystallized carbonic acid, which means that a reaction between the core and the ocean would be impossible,» says Oganov.

An onboard magnetometer will measure the depth and saltiness of the ocean and a spectrometer will measure chemicals in Europa's uppermost layers of ice.

Instead, Grotzinger says, their model was meant to duplicate how chemicals and sediments might settle out of water in a hot ancient ocean rich with the calcium carbonate typically found in stromatolite layers.

Beneath an ice layer about 10 to 15 miles (15 - 25 kilometers) thick, the moon is thought to harbor a liquid water ocean, possibly warmed by geologic processes originating in the planet's core.

In 2013 researchers suggested that these lava oceans were layered by density.

They found that across ocean basins, the ratio of human - generated mercury to human - generated CO2 tends to stay consistent among waters in the same layer of depth, because coal burning, for example, emits both mercury and CO2.

Most important, the work simulated the movement of dye — not viscous oil — injected in the upper layers of the ocean — not the deep seafloor — for a total of two months — not the ongoing no - end - in - sight disaster.

The mechanism that causes eddies in the surface ocean leads to an intensification of currents in the top and bottom layers of the ocean.

The movement of water in the ocean is determined by many factors including tides; winds; surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.

At that time, changes in atmospheric - oceanic circulation led to a stratification in the ocean with a cold layer at the surface and a warm layer below.

Howard Rosenbaum, director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Ocean Giants Program, told Live Science that, for many marine mammal species, a thick layer of fat called blubber is «first and foremost» in their list of defenses against the cold.

According to the researchers, to better understand if Matthew's intensification was aided by the warm - water eddies and the residing barrier layer in the Caribbean Sea's upper ocean, more ambient and in - storm upper ocean observations in this basin are needed to improve forecast models for the region.

In April geologists reported that they had successfully drilled into the bottom layer of the ocean's crust for the first time — and so have come a step closer to understanding how the foundation of the world takes shape.

When analyzing the data, they found a barrier layer, an upper ocean feature created by the Amazon - Orinoco freshwater river outflow, that makes mixing in the upper ocean waters less efficient during wind events.

Trenbeth and others have used simulation - based studies to suggest that the ocean is continuing to warm, but the deeper layers have been warming up more in the last decade.

Paleontologists sometimes build timelines from ancient ocean beds, where 100 million years of sediment layers are often stacked in one continuous sequence.

Faster flow is more turbulent, and in this turbulence more heat is mixed into AABW from shallower, warmer ocean layers — thus warming the abyssal waters on their way to the Equator, affecting global climate change.

So as the creatures churned up more sediment layers, more phosphate built up in ocean sediments and less was found in seawater.

As a result of this, more of the CO2 bound in organic matter remains in the surface layer, which reduces the ocean's potential to take up atmospheric CO2.»

«In that area, like on the eastern boundaries of other tropical oceans, nutrient - rich waters from deeper water layers are transported to the surface,» explains co-author Prof. Dr. Hermann Bange, also from GEOMAR.

Along one string of sites, or «stations,» that stretches from Antarctica to the southern Indian Ocean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean basins.

Now, a geological survey of the moon conducted using data collected by the recently retired Kaguya spacecraft supports this magma - ocean hypothesis, finding that the upper layer of the moon's crust is indeed rich in low - density rock of exceptional purity.

«Microbes could have crawled out of the ocean and lived in a slime layer on the rocks on land, even before 3.2 billion years ago.»