Sentences with phrase «ocean layers when»

Not exact matches

When they died, their shells sank to the bottom of the ocean, making the layers Meckler saw in the core.

When slabs of Earth's crust sink into the mantle layer below, they drag ocean water with them.

When the newly multiplied bacteria died, they fell to the floor of those ocean shallows, stacking up layer by layer to decay and enrich the mud with phosphorus.

During field trips out to West Texas, he and Rice students noticed hundreds of ash layers in exposed rock that dated to the Cretaceous period when much of western North America lay beneath a shallow ocean.

But as Charon cooled over time, this ocean would have frozen and expanded (as happens when water freezes), lifting the outermost layers of the moon and producing the massive chasms we see today.

When analyzing the data, they found a barrier layer, an upper ocean feature created by the Amazon - Orinoco freshwater river outflow, that makes mixing in the upper ocean waters less efficient during wind events.

When that cold, fresh water enters the ocean, it forms an extra-chilly layer on the ocean surface around the continent.

When greenhouse gases increase, more longwave radiation is directed back at the ocean surface, which warms the cool - skin layer, lowers the thermal gradient, and consequently reduces the rate of heat loss.

The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more layered - with a warm layer of water below a cold surface layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and warm layers mixed more easily.

Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available.

Kevin, even with greater evaporation, when one considers all the energy fluxes into and out of the ocean cool skin layer, as long as the change in net energy flux causes the cool skin to warm, the temperature gradient between the cool skin layer and the bulk ocean below it will decrease.

Donnelly's team examined cores of sediment sampled from two of the salt pond's deepest points, searching for layers that were deposited when storms violently washed ocean sand into the 65 - acre waterway.

We lived in Brooklyn, near Coney Island, where on certain summer days, when the wind was blowing just right and our kitchen window was open and the shade drawn up on its roller, I could smell the briny odor of the ocean, layered with just the barest hint of mustard and grilled hot dogs (although that could have been my imagination).

When the Santa Ana winds cease, the cool and moist marine layer may re-form rapidly over the ocean if conditions are right.

A 3 mm wetsuit is ideal in summer, some divers may want an extra layer or light hood for winter, or when currents bring cooler ocean water.

(And when applied to thermal expansion, b is positive and the number is consistent with typical mixed layer depths in the ocean.)

When sea level rose, the permafrost layer came under attack by the relatively warm ocean water.

When I look out to sea on a summers day there is a layer of brown and then red lying close to the ocean.

So when we do things that emit GHGs, we also likely emit local pollution that kills, & becomes regional acid rain (destroying lakes, crops & forests), & acidifies the ocean, depletes the ozone layer (some pollutants), and maybe a hundre other harms, in addition to contributing to GW, and to runaway GW.

Bubble rafts increase the optical reflectivity of the ocean and when bubbles burst, they launch seasalt particles that loft and increase the number concentration of cloud droplets in the marine boundary layer, thus increasing the reflectivity of stratocumulus.

In colder oceans, the separating layer (thermocline) does not form, or only for parts of the year, so phytoplankton at the top receives nutrients from the deeper sea and provides oxygen for the the upper and deeper layers (as well as nutrients, when phytoplankton decomposes).

Point is, with ocean heating, when the warm layer not disturbed so much by the wind, that layer stays on top, heat transfers to the atmosphere; when the warm layer is being mixed in more by the wind, less stays in the atmosphere.

I'd like to ask a general question: since the oceans are taking up about 1/3 of the anthropogenic carbon emissions, what is the opinion now of the scientific community about when the ocean surface layers will get saturated and this carbon sink (on relatively short timescales) will start to diminish?

Henry@Willis I think to explain the phenomena of why the oceans do not get warmer than 30 - 33C When the top layer of molecules of the water in the reservoir reaches a certain temp., namely the boiling point at ruling pressure, it simply evaporates and thereby it cools the remaining liquid in the reservoir.

Even then, when winter starts, the ice - free portion of the Arctic Ocean freezes over again with a new layer of sea ice.

Argument 3) Heating the surface affects the entire upper layers of the ocean when the ocean is overturning.

This is the reason I have mentioned that when you assume all layers of the atmosphere and oceans have a fast time constant you miss the possibility that there is some trickle charging happening in the system.

But there is fractionation due to different kinetic speeds: the atmosphere was some 6 per mil lighter in d13C when in equilibrium with the oceans mixed layer.

When the ocean surface is cooler, warmth is taken from the surface into deeper ocean layers that «do not emit heat out of the planet».

Joe Postma is also wrong in assuming solar radiation can heat the Earth's surface to that extent, especially when 70 % of the surface is a thin (say 1 centimetre deep) surface layer of water which transmits most of the radiation down into the ocean thermoclines.

For example, in the Pacific, when easterlies increase in strength (as happens during the cool phase of the PDO) the net surface may cool but more heat is being sequestered at depth due to increased Ekman pumping, thus the net energy content of the ocean increases, even with a cool surface layer.

The point is that this observation is not very relevant if the outcome comes from a combination of relevant and persistently warming data from areas where the temperature is strongly correlated with increase in the heat content of oceans, atmosphere and continental topmost layers, and almost totally irrelevant data from areas and seasons where and when exceptionally great natural variability of surface temperatures makes these temperatures essentially irrelevant for the determination of longterm trends.

Then, especially when there is excessive cloud cover over the oceans, the Sun's energy absorbed above the clouds can actually make its way down to the ocean surface (and below) warming the oceans by non-radiative processes, not by direct solar radiation which mostly passes through the thin surface layer and could barely raise the mean temperature of an asphalt paved Earth above -35 C.

When solar activity is high and (under the GCR - cloud theory) cloud cover is low, a high amount of solar radiation reaches the oceans unblocked by clouds, where it penetrates and warms the upper ocean layer.

When calculating the heat capacity of the ocean, restrict attention to the oceanic mixed layer, which averages only 50m in depth.

The surface mixed layer of the ocean is a huge reservoir of heat when compared with the overlying atmosphere.

Differences between the regression slope and the true feedback parameter are significantly reduced when 1) a more realistic value for the ocean mixed layer depth is used, 2) a corrected standard deviation of outgoing radiation is used, and 3) the model temperature variability is computed over the same time interval as the observations.

Nor can one be confident that the contribution of subsea volcanic variability to deep - ocean temperature change is negligible in comparison with that from the atmosphere, particularly when the relative densities of the two media and the distance of the benthic layers from the atmosphere are taken into account.

When the MJO inhibits convection, light winds and clear skies allow the upper few meters of the ocean to warm and separate into stable layers stratified by temperature and salinity.

When the air is partly saturated (80 % for the boundary layer), more water molecules leave the ocean than the air, but almost as many still go from the air to water.

WHEN the skin layer is warmer than the water below (and not mixed by the wind), there is no obvious mechanism (other than very slow conduction) for AGG - enhanced DLR to penetrate the ocean.

Let's assume that the increase in TSI between 1900 and 1950 (which is when most of the 20th - century increase occurred) WAS in fact large enough to have warmed the upper layers of the ocean.

When temperature of the skin layer becomes higher than the temperature 5 cm below then we have the heat flow down (the daytime regime) while at night the temperature of the skin layer becomes less than that 5 cm below and the ocean loses energy to the air.

Only during the short periods around noon on sunny days — when the skin layer is warmer than the water below — is there any point in worrying about how long energy from DLR remains in the skin layer and what fraction is lost upward rather than downwards (warming the ocean).

When DLR is high, less of the SWR absorbed below is used supplying the deficit of the skin layer and the «surplus» energy is used to warm the ocean.

3) That energy can only get from the ocean to the atmosphere (and then to space) when the skin layer is cooler than the water immediately below.

One would expect a major hit to the ocean ecosystem when it presumably got cut off from the Sun by a thick layer of ice, but only relatively small extinctions have been found.

Even when a ~ 100 ppmv increase in the atmosphere increases the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of the upper part of the oceans with ~ 100 microatm, the total amount in the atmosphere increases with 30 %, but in the ocean surface layer (the «mixed layer») with only 3 % (that is called the Revelle factor, ~ 10).

When cold surface water no longer sinks into the depths, a deeper layer of warm ocean water can travel across the continental shelf and reach the bases of glaciers, retaining its heat as the cold waters remain above.

For instance when I had you cornered by ocean opacity to LWIR and asked you how shortwave heating in the mixed layer was supposed to escape you started waving your hands about convective turnover and mentioned diurnal turnover in the mixed layer.