Sentences with phrase «ocean surface waters between»

This map shows changes in the amount of aragonite dissolved in ocean surface waters between the 1880s and the most recent decade (2003 - 2012).

Not exact matches

Today, depending on the area, typical surface ocean waters consist of between 5.4 and 8 milliliters of dissolved oxygen for every liter of seawater.

Kadri says the results may help scientists connect interactions between not only surface and deep ocean waters, but also with the atmospheric forces that affect surface waves.

The U.S. Navy plans to deploy a prototype device that extracts energy from the temperature difference between surface and deep - ocean water.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion A technology using the temperature difference between cold, deep ocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electriOcean Thermal Energy Conversion A technology using the temperature difference between cold, deep ocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electriocean waters and warmer surface waters to generate electricity.

But in many instances, the simulations show, even planets starting with rocky cores as little as 1.5 Earth's mass may trap and hold atmospheres containing between 100 and 1000 times the amount of hydrogen found in the water in Earth's oceans — thick, dense envelopes exerting pressures so hellish that life on the planets» surfaces might be almost impossible.

Expanding sea ice would have melted into the North Atlantic Ocean, interfering with the normal mixing between surface and deeper waters.

Such areas on the surface would provide another ideal way to learn more about Europa's subsurface water, if indeed there is a connection between them and the ocean.

The Center for Ocean Solutions writes: «Between 1951 and 1993 zooplankton biomass off Southern California decreased by 80 % as a result of warming surface waters.»

The most plausible source of this hydrogen is hydrothermal reactions between hot rocks and water in the ocean beneath the moon's icy surface.

The significant difference between the observed decrease of the CO2 sink estimated by the inversion (0.03 PgC / y per decade) and the expected increase due solely to rising atmospheric CO2 -LRB--0.05 PgC / y per decade) indicates that there has been a relative weakening of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink (0.08 PgC / y per decade) due to changes in other atmospheric forcing (winds, surface air temperature, and water fluxes).

In Relationships between Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, Bretherton et al showed that although the Western Pacific warmer surface waters increased the water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amoWater Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, Bretherton et al showed that although the Western Pacific warmer surface waters increased the water in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amowater in the atmosphere compared to the Eastern Pacific, rainfall was lower in the Western Pacific compared to the Eastern Pacific for equal amounts of water vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amowater vapor in the atmospheric column — e.g., about 10mm / day in the Western Pacific, versus ~ 20mm / day in the Eastern Pacific at 55 mm water vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amowater vapor, the peak of the distribution of water vapor amowater vapor amounts.

Surface temperature is an imperfect gauge of whether the earth has been warmed by an imbalance between incoming radiation from the sun, and outgoing radiation, because of the role of ocean currents in the distribution of heat between deeper and surface Surface temperature is an imperfect gauge of whether the earth has been warmed by an imbalance between incoming radiation from the sun, and outgoing radiation, because of the role of ocean currents in the distribution of heat between deeper and surface surface waters.

With melt - water lubricating the surface between the glaciers and the rocks on which they rested, ice flows were accelerating, flowing into the ocean at a pace of 2 meters an hour.

This large amount of freshwater to the ocean could stop vertical deep sea currents which depend on a starting from surface downwards on a delicate balance between fresh and salty water and temperatures.

While there are some similarities between the approaches, an important difference is that the slab - ocean approach allows surface and MBL temperatures to adjust to the energetic perturbation: positive energetic forcing of the surface leads to warming, weakens the inversion, and reduces low - cloud cover and liquid water path (LWP).

17 El Nino verses La Nina El Niño La Niña Trade winds weaken Warm ocean water replaces offshore cold water near South America Irregular intervals of three to seven years Wetter than average winters in NC La Niña Normal conditions between El Nino events When surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are colder than average The southern US is usually warmer and dryer in climate

After rising to the surface in the Pacific, the surface waters flow through the many passages between the Indonesian islands into the Indian Ocean.

Since the whole world does not appear to freeze during a ice age, the must be massive ice making going at the pole driven by heat lifting oceans of water to the sky from the equator where it is pushed by the expanding air and vapor to the poles areas where it returns to the surface and follows cold land like a culvert between warmer expanding ocean air back down to the equatoral region.

Another problem, as has been mentioned before, is that about 98 % of anthropogenic CO2 should be absorbed by the oceans in order to preserve the 1:50 partitioning ratio of CO2 between air and water at earth's average surface temperature that is governed by Henry's law.

The ocean surface layer is what directly matters, that contains somewhat more CO2 than the atmosphere (1,000 GtC vs. 800 GtC), but the chemical reactions in the ocean water push the equilibrium back, so that ultimately the surface water - air equilibrium is reached with a 1:9 partitioning between water and air, reverse and far away from the 50:1.

The resulting gradient mirrors ocean conditions that any organism would need to disrupt in order to cycle nutrients between the ocean's surface and water deep below.

Since ENSO is a coupled ocean - atmosphere process, I have presented its impact on and the inter-relationships between numerous variables, including sea surface temperature, sea level, ocean currents, ocean heat content, depth - averaged temperature, warm water volume, sea level pressure, cloud amount, precipitation, the strength and direction of the trade winds, etc..

The surface temperature changes are the result of both cloud and water vapour change and changes in heat flux between ocean and atmosphere.

The main difference between H2O and CO2 (apart from the numerical differences of their specific physical properites such as degree of freedom, thermal capacity, physical mass, etc) in terms of their effects on the atmosphere is that water is capable of condensing into liquid to form clouds and readily and rapidly moves between surface and atmosphere, daily, seasonally, annually and on even greater time scales, but CO2 does not liquify in the biosphere and transfers over mostly long time periods between surface (primarily oceans, seas, etc) and the atmosphere.

Relationship between decadal variations in temperatures in the Pacific and the tropopause identified From the HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL (GEOMAR) Water plays a major role for our planet not only in its liquid form at the surface.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between the warm tropical surface water and the cooler, deep water in the ocean to generate enOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between the warm tropical surface water and the cooler, deep water in the ocean to generate enocean to generate energy.

The best way to envision the relation between ENSO and precipitation over East Africa is to regard the Indian Ocean as a mirror of the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies [much like the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool creates such a SST mirror with the Atlantic Ocean too]: during a La Niña episode, waters in the eastern Pacific are relatively cool as strong trade winds blow the tropically Sun - warmed waters far towards the west.

Warm water flows between Australia and Indonesia influencing sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean and rainfall in Africa and Australia.

This is because ultimately it is the temperature differences between the ocean surface and the upper atmosphere that causes the amount of water vapour that ends up producing the heat energy in the upper atmosphere that in turn causes the instability.

As part of the planet's reciprocal relationship between ocean circulation and climate, this conveyor belt transports warm surface water to high latitudes where the water warms the air, then cools, sinks, and returns towards the equator as a deep flow.»

Currents and the formation of sinking dense waters transport the carbon between the surface and deeper layers of the ocean.

Figure 17 - D hints at the very strong spatial variability of the CO2 content of the air and of the surface waters; exchanges between air and ocean are proportional to the difference of the pressures times the cube of the speed of the wind.

Only approximately 15 percent of that decline can be attributed to a warmer mixed - layer, with the remainder being «consistent with an overall decrease in the exchange between surface waters and the ocean interior» (Helm et al., 2011).

The oceans control the background rate of energy flow from ocean to air via The Hot Water Bottle Effect and it is the energy flow from ocean to air (supplemented to a miniscule extent by the greenhouse effect) that drives the rate of evaporation by creating varying temperature differentials between sea surface and air at the surface.

As regards a warming of the ocean skin, evaporation is a continuous process caused by temperaure, density and pressure (not just temperature) differentials between water and air so that the rate of evaporation accelerates when a water surface is warmed such as from the warming effect of extra greenhouse gases (especially if the air is dry).

Drawing a parallel with progress in understanding human perturbations to the carbon cycle, our approach in assessing anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH is to separate the regulation of pH in ocean surface waters into two modes — regulation in the pre-disturbance Holocene ocean and anthropogenic processes regulating pH — with the interplay between both components acting to regulate seawater pH in the Anthropocene.

Researchers of the new study appeared to have found an explanation to this after finding that a specific layer between 100 and 300 meters below the surface of the waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans has been accumulating more heat than previously known.

In a few locations at high latitudes, surface water becomes dense enough to sink rapidly to the bottom of the ocean, allowing communication between the atmosphere and the abyss.

«The differences between sea water temperature reported in the Log of Ship's Weather Observations and specially observed sea surface temperature were studied for 6826 pairs of observations taken in the Pacific Ocean from 3 Military Sea Transport Service ships and 9 U.S. Navy Radar Picket ships during 92 different trips.

Pumping power is derived from the solar energy stored in the ocean surface by means of a heat engine that uses the temperature differential between the surface water and the upwelled water.