Forest et al. 2006 compares observations of multiple surface, upper air and deep -
ocean temperature changes with simulations thereof by the MIT 2D climate model run at many climate parameter settings.
Not exact matches
Saildrone's fleet of sailboats — which are outfitted
with dozens of sensors, measurement tools, and cameras — can capture data on fish and wildlife populations, environmental health,
ocean temperatures, weather, and climate
change.
Researchers endowed the observatory's six nodes
with instruments that measure the
ocean's
changing temperature and chemistry, cameras that spy underwater creatures, hydrophones that listen to passing whales and seismometers and tsunami detectors that measure hazards as they happen.
Sea - surface
temperature is an important driver of the weather, and because the
oceans change temperature very slowly compared
with the air and land, they form a key, predictable component of seasonal forecasts.
The new sea - level record was then used in combination
with existing deep - sea oxygen isotope records from the open
ocean, to work out deep - sea
temperature changes.
The resulting outburst of methane produced effects similar to those predicted by current models of global climate
change: a sudden, extreme rise in
temperatures, combined
with acidification of the
oceans.
The research team compared the
temperature changes at Mt. Hunter
with those from lower elevations in Alaska and in the Pacific
Ocean.
Changing temperatures and
ocean acidification, together
with rising sea level and shifts in
ocean productivity, will keep marine ecosystems in a state of continuous
change for 100,000 years.
To model the projected impact of climate
change on marine biodiversity, the researchers used climate - velocity trajectories, a measurement which combines the rate and direction of movement of
ocean temperature bands over time, together
with information about thermal tolerance and habitat preference.
But within these long periods there have been abrupt climate
changes, sometimes happening in the space of just a few decades,
with variations of up to 10ºC in the average
temperature in the polar regions caused by
changes in the Atlantic
ocean circulation.
The strength of the byssal threads varies seasonally, Carrington said,
with mussels creating significantly weaker threads in late summer when the
oceans reach higher
temperatures and high levels of acidity — both of which are also on the rise due to climate
change.
Figure shows how
ocean currents
changes with temperature.
With so many instruments on the Yahtse, researchers have a unique opportunity to monitor
changes along the length of the glacier and discover how, for example, local
changes in
ocean temperature and currents relate to movement further up the glacier.
The first image, based on data from January 1997 when El Nio was still strengthening shows a sea level rise along the Equator in the eastern Pacific
Ocean of up to 34 centimeters
with the red colors indicating an associated
change in sea surface
temperature of up to 5.4 degrees C.
The study reports that glaciers flowing to the coast on the western side of the Peninsula show a distinct spatial correlation
with ocean temperature patterns,
with those in the south retreating rapidly but those in the north showing little
change.
The most important bias globally was the modification in measured sea surface
temperatures associated
with the
change from ships throwing a bucket over the side, bringing some
ocean water on deck, and putting a thermometer in it, to reading the thermometer in the engine coolant water intake.
The
temperature increases are consistent
with observed
changes in the cryosphere and
oceans.
For the
change in annual mean surface air
temperature in the various cases, the model experiments show the familiar pattern documented in the SAR
with a maximum warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and a minimum in the Southern
Ocean (due to ocean heat uptak
Ocean (due to
ocean heat uptak
ocean heat uptake)(2)
Consistent
with observed
changes in surface
temperature, there has been an almost worldwide reduction in glacier and small ice cap (not including Antarctica and Greenland) mass and extent in the 20th century; snow cover has decreased in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere; sea ice extents have decreased in the Arctic, particularly in spring and summer (Chapter 4); the
oceans are warming; and sea level is rising (Chapter 5).
This is not only in excellent agreement
with the observed
temperature changes at the surface (blue stars), it also correctly reproduces the observed heat storage in the
oceans — a strong indicator that the model's heat budget is correct.
To remove this difference in magnitude and focus instead on the patterns of
change, the authors scaled the vertical profiles of
ocean temperature (area - weighted
with respect to each vertical
ocean layer)
with the global surface air
temperature trend of each period.
«The other carbon dioxide problem», «the evil twin of global warming», or part of a «deadly trio», together
with increasing
temperatures and loss of oxygen: Many names have been coined to describe the problem of
ocean acidification — a
change in the
ocean chemistry that occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater.
With this study, Severinghaus and colleagues have shown that measurements of noble gases in the atmosphere provide the historical record long sought by the scientific community, and can be further optimized to gain insights into modern
ocean temperature changes as well.
They compared existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) records of upper -
ocean temperatures in coastal waters for each U.S.
ocean coastline
with records of actual sea level
changes from 1955 to 2012, and data from U.S. / European satellite altimeter missions since 1992.
For the first time in this report, acidification was given ample consideration along
with other
ocean changes, such as
temperature and sea level rise.
With its mention of the
ocean and the pursuit to reduce global warming to well below 2, even 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
temperatures, the agreement adopted by all 196 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) in Paris on December 12, 2015, is appreciated by scientists present at the negotiations.
But, between 1900 and 2012, they concluded that humanity's
temperature -
changing influence paled in comparison
with that of the intense natural fluctuations of the wild winds and waters of the world's largest
ocean.
And then, if the
ocean surface water was «diluted»
with isotopic light melt water, would this not be reflected
with a similar drop in the Greenland ice cores, just by a
changing isotope signature of the source, instead of a
temperature drop?
So here's an attempt: When
temperatures change because of an orbital forcing, you've got a strong CO2 feedback because the CO2 in the atmosphere was in equilibrium
with the CO2 in the
oceans before
temperatures changed.
The diagnostics, which are used to compare model - simulated and observed
changes, are often simple
temperature indices such as the global mean surface
temperature and
ocean mean warming (Knutti et al., 2002, 2003) or the differential warming between the SH and NH (together
with the global mean; Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001).
This seems to be associated
with particular patterns of
change in sea surface
temperature in the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans, a teleconnection which is well - captured in climate models on seasonal timescales.
The symptoms from those events (huge and rapid carbon emissions, a big rapid jump in global
temperatures, rising sea levels,
ocean acidification, widespread oxygen - starved zones in the
oceans) are all happening today
with human - caused climate
change.
Kevin, even
with greater evaporation, when one considers all the energy fluxes into and out of the
ocean cool skin layer, as long as the
change in net energy flux causes the cool skin to warm, the
temperature gradient between the cool skin layer and the bulk
ocean below it will decrease.
As
changes in
temperature and light can be excluded as reasons for the decline in magnesium concentrations, the researchers interpret it as a clear reaction to
ocean acidification —
with implications for paleoclimate reconstructions.
Changes in
ocean temperature combined
with the absorbtion of some of the excess atmospheric CO2 we're producing is killing coral everywhere, not just at over-trafficked tourist sites.
It gained intensity right as it hit land, due to very warm
oceans, due to a la nina generated anticyclone warming the
ocean, combined
with the effects of climate
change on
ocean temperatures.
One has to be careful to distinguish the extreme drop in Greenland
with the more moderated drop over Europe, but still, it is far from clear at present that any real GCM,
with the
ocean - atmosphere dynamics properly represented, yields a
temperature change of comparable magnitude to the YD.
This plot shows thermosteric sea level
change over that period, which would strongly correlate
with OHC /
ocean temperature, and this plot shows surface
temperature evolution.
[Response: You fail to see that
ocean temperatures, satellite measurements, glacier melting, Arctic ice retreat,
changes in phenology are all consistent
with a warming planet.
The atmosphere's
temperature can and will respond much faster to
changes in the
temperature differential
with the
ocean surface.
This recovered role may be especially important as climate
change threatens
ocean ecosystems
with rising
temperatures and acidification.
The increased
temperatures have been accompanied
with changes in snow, sea - ice, precipitation, permafrost, icebergs, landice, river runoff, polar lows, synoptic storms, cloudiness, avalanches,
ocean circulation, and
ocean acidification.
The paper he wrote together
with Friis - Christensen in which he found a correlation between solar activity and clouds had a «slight» flaw: it ignored that the period of the study coincided
with a big El Nino, and that large scale
changes in
ocean surface
temperature are going to have an effect on cloud formation.
And whether that result is consistent
with temperature changes in the Arctic
Ocean?
And guaranties that the cited above G8 deal is dead on arrival... Not that the deal will
change anything, except for UK government which has been fantastic on Carbon reductions, The Senator and acolytes would have trouble explaining the disappearing Arctic
Ocean ice, not that someone is capable of «Hoaxing» vanishing multi year ice, and even further, failing to match their statements
with Polar ice disappearing in tandem
with world wide
temperatures being flat, not rising for ten years now, as they like to claim, how to explain the disappearing ice then??? Those trying to explain a long term cycle, beware!
Secondly, since the
ocean warming is shown to be consistent
with the land surface
changes, this helps validate the surface
temperature record, which is then unlikely to be purely an artifact of urban biases etc..
This is not only in excellent agreement
with the observed
temperature changes at the surface (blue stars), it also correctly reproduces the observed heat storage in the
oceans — a strong indicator that the model's heat budget is correct.
Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differenti
Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and
ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers
with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior)
temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differenti
temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.
The key points of the paper are that: i) model simulations
with 20th century forcings are able to match the surface air
temperature record, ii) they also match the measured
changes of
ocean heat content over the last decade, iii) the implied planetary imbalance (the amount of excess energy the Earth is currently absorbing) which is roughly equal to the
ocean heat uptake, is significant and growing, and iv) this implies both that there is significant heating «in the pipeline», and that there is an important lag in the climate's full response to
changes in the forcing.
I had a fascinating and fruitful chat
with Yair Rosenthal of Rutgers and Braddock Linsley of Columbia University — two authors of an important new Science paper extracting 10,000 years of
temperature changes in fairly deep Pacific
Ocean waters from fossil plankton buried in the seabed off Indonesia.