This 460 - page publication offers a comprehensive and up - to - date look at the effects of
ocean warming from the perspective of major ecosystems and species groups.
9: Why, if CO2 - driven warming ought to warm the surface ocean first, is
the ocean warming from below?
Certainly future
ocean warming from increasing levels of greenhouse gases is reasonable to expect.
The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in Climate Nature Change, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of
the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet.
While
the ocean warmed from 1993 to 2008, the data suggest that warming has stalled since 2003.
Oceans warm from the top, thermal decoupling prevents the ocean from behaving like the atmosphere.
Not exact matches
Evidence
from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shows that global sea levels in the last two decades are rising dramatically as surface temperatures
warm oceans and...
This was probably due to outgassing of CO2
from the
warming oceans and the reverse effect when they cooled.
If the rising
ocean levels caused by global
warming force us to build dikes and relocate people away
from delta regions, that, too will add to what we measure as Gross Domestic Product.
We just enjoyed the
warm air and fragrant breezes
from the
ocean.
From crab caught off the coast of New England to the succulent salmon found in the cool waters of the Northwest to the tender tuna from the warm shores of Hawaii, there is no shortage of ocean eats in the United Sta
From crab caught off the coast of New England to the succulent salmon found in the cool waters of the Northwest to the tender tuna
from the warm shores of Hawaii, there is no shortage of ocean eats in the United Sta
from the
warm shores of Hawaii, there is no shortage of
ocean eats in the United States.
From the taste and aroma of exquisite Caribbean cuisine and fine wine, to the stellar views and
warm ocean breezes, the seaside restaurant showcases the resort's gastronomic experimentation.
The Atlantic
Ocean surface circulation is an important part of the Earth's global climate, moving
warm water
from the tropics towards the poles.
The recent hurricanes presented a rare opportunity for Lasker and Edmunds to study how corals recover
from disasters — an important line of research in a
warming world where rising
ocean temperatures are stressing reefs.
Divers
from the Rothera Research Station in Antarctica monitor heated panels, designed to mimic
ocean warming, on the seabed near Adelaide Island.
Using these data, researchers fine - tuned estimates
from previous foram studies that captured polar conditions to show tropical
oceans warmed substantially in the Eocene, but not as much as polar
oceans.
And new research shows how genetic alterations in this odd - colored blood have helped the octopus colonize the world's wide
oceans —
from the deep, freezing Antarctic to the
warm equatorial tropics.The iron - based protein (hemoglobin) that carries oxygen in the blood for us red - blooded vertebrates becomes ineffective when faced with low - oxygen levels.
These troughs allow
warmer and saltier waters
from deeper in the
ocean to reach the glaciers and erode them.
Sensors that have plumbed the depths of Arctic seas since 2002 have found
warm currents creeping up
from the Atlantic
Ocean and helping drive the dramatic retreat of sea ice there over the last decade.
Any parts of the bed this low are easily exposed to
ocean water, allowing the ice sheet to weaken
from below as the
ocean water
warms.
The additional
warming caused a near - doubling of melt rates in the twenty - year period
from 1995 to 2015 compared to previous times when the same blocking and
ocean conditions were present.
The simulations also suggest that the removal of excess carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere by natural processes on land and in the
ocean will become less efficient as the planet
warms.
They found glacial fjords hundreds of meters deeper than previously estimated; the full extent of the marine - based portions of the glaciers; deep troughs enabling Atlantic
Ocean water to reach the glacier fronts and melt them
from below; and few shallow sills that limit contact with this
warmer water.
«This isolated Vostok and prevented the waves of
warm air that normally come up
from the
ocean,» says Turner.
Coral bleaching is the most immediate threat to reefs
from climate change; it's caused when
ocean temperatures become
warmer than normal maximum summer temperatures, and can lead to widespread coral death.
Co-author Dr Gerhard Kuhn,
from the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany, says: «Our results provide evidence that in the past WAIS retreat was also predominantly caused by melting through
warm ocean water.
«The undersides of glaciers in deeper valleys are exposed to
warm, salty Atlantic water, while the others are perched on sills, protected
from direct exposure to
warmer ocean water,» said Romain Millan, lead author of the study, available online in the American Geophysical Union journal Geophysical Research Letters.
Ocean currents bringing unusually
warm water, for instance, could shift away more
from Greenland, or move in closer, he said.
The causes of the
warming remain debated, but Liu and his team homed in on the melting glacial water that poured into
oceans as the ice receded, paradoxically slowing the
ocean current in the North Atlantic that keeps Europe
from freezing over.
Two Atlantic
Ocean coral species — elkhorn and staghorn — are listed as «threatened» under the Endangered Species Act, and NOAA is considering whether an additional 82 coral species also warrant some level of protection under the law because of threats from warming water, ocean acidification and pollu
Ocean coral species — elkhorn and staghorn — are listed as «threatened» under the Endangered Species Act, and NOAA is considering whether an additional 82 coral species also warrant some level of protection under the law because of threats
from warming water,
ocean acidification and pollu
ocean acidification and pollution.
Despite slower temperature shifts in
ocean waters,
ocean life
from plankton to fish have begun moving in response to global
warming
Driven by stronger winds resulting
from climate change,
ocean waters in the Southern Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of the
ocean waters in the Southern
Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of the
Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively
warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of the ice.
«Since no organisms living in the
ocean today would have time to adapt to these
warmer conditions, many will either go extinct or migrate away
from the western Pacific, leaving this area with much lower biodiversity.»
In periods when the
ocean surface
warms (associated with red), the prevailing winds are more prone to sweep down
from the north.
The El Niño is seen as a red tongue of anomalously
warm water stretching
from South America and westward in the Pacific
Ocean.
Warm water flowing through the Indonesian archipelago
from the Pacific to the Indian
Ocean influences the climate of the surrounding regions.
There are three main time scales to consider when it comes to
warming: annual temperature variation
from factors like
warming in the Pacific
Ocean during El Niño years, decadal temperature swings and long - term temperature increases
from global
warming.
The researchers identified several key circulation patterns that affected the winter temperatures
from 1979 to 2013, particularly the Arctic Oscillation (a climate pattern that circulates around the Arctic
Ocean and tends to confine colder air to the polar latitudes) and a second pattern they call
Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia (WACE), which they found correlates to sea ice loss as well as to particularly strong winters.
Some engineers have even proposed dumping iron into the
ocean to trigger phytoplankton blooms — a strategy that they speculate will slow global
warming by removing carbon
from the atmosphere (SN: 6/5/10, p. 16).
If you decouple that ice
from where it's grounded — something that currents of
warming water, already circulating around the Antarctic coast, could do — then water could flow beneath the inland ice and lubricate its slide into the
ocean.
Perhaps extra carbon dioxide
from a period of heightened seafloor eruptions eventually percolates through the
ocean and into the atmosphere, allowing
warming that would deliver a coup de grâce to the massive ice sheets.
That region, he says, is susceptible to even small amounts of
warming and cooling
from the atmosphere — and how cold the water gets influences how much or how little it sinks, thereby driving or delaying, respectively, the
ocean conveyer belt.
Some glaciers on the perimeter of West Antarctica are receiving increased heat
from deep,
warm ocean currents, which melt ice
from the grounding line, releasing the brake and causing the glaciers to flow and shed icebergs into the
ocean more quickly.
In North America, a
warm, shallow sea called the Western Interior Seaway extended
from the Arctic
Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, subdividing the continent into eastern and western landmasses, known as Appalachia and Laramidia, respectively.
After further analysis of the data, the scientists found that although a strong El Niño changes wind patterns in West Antarctica in a way that promotes flow of
warm ocean waters towards the ice shelves to increase melting
from below, it also increases snowfall particularly along the Amundsen Sea sector.
«There was relatively more carbon dioxide emitted
from the deep
ocean and released to the atmosphere as the climate
warmed,» Jaccard says.
Warm ocean water is washing up and melting the ice
from below.
Changes in flow patterns of
warm Pacific
Ocean air
from the south were driving earlier spring snowmelt, while decreasing summer sea ice had the greatest influence on later onset of snowpack in the fall.
He said: «The
warmer, wetter winters predicted for the future will result in more phosphorus transferred
from agricultural land into the rivers and ultimately the
oceans.
In our solar system, the planet Mars suffered this fate and turned
from a world
warm enough for briny
oceans to a cold, dry desert.