At that time, changes in atmospheric -
oceanic circulation led to a stratification in the ocean with a cold layer at the surface and a warm layer below.
Possible reasons include increased
oceanic circulation leading to increased subduction of heat into the ocean, higher than normal levels of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanoes during the past decade, incorrect ozone levels used as input to the models, lower than expected solar output during the last few years, or poorly modeled cloud feedback effects.
Not exact matches
The Malaspina Expedition,
led by the Spanish National Research Council, has demonstrated that there are five large accumulations of plastic debris in the open ocean that match with the five major twists of
oceanic surface water
circulation.
Lead author of the study, Dr Caroline Eakin, Research Fellow in Ocean and Earth Science at the University of Southampton, said: «The process of consuming old seafloor at subduction zones, where great slabs of
oceanic material are swallowed up, drives
circulation in the Earth's interior and keeps the planet going strong.
It is also my understanding that the
oceanic and atmospheric
circulations are intrinsically linked, so that changes in one are likely to
lead to changes in another.
There could, for example, be SOC events reflected in ice sheet dynamics, as
oceanic heat transfer destabilises the Antarctic
circulation,
leading to acelerated ice sheet destabilisation.
Thus as sea ice expands in a cooler climate, the high - latitude
oceanic heat loss to the atmosphere is inhibited, the thermohaline
circulation weakens, and the sinking regions move equatorward,
leading to a shallower and weaker deep
circulation.