Sentences with phrase «oceanic processes of»

Not exact matches

The relatively low - density continental crust of the North Island, which sits on the Australian plate, is forcing the dense oceanic crust on the Pacific plate beneath it in a process called subduction.

But it was my firsthand, kinesthetic experiences using technological equipment that solidified my understanding of how oceanic processes were linked.

Its strength resulted from the abrupt release of plate tectonic forces, a process known as subduction, centered on an area beneath Honshu where it slides over the top of oceanic crust.

«If oceanic islands have been traditionally considered as laboratories of evolution and species - producing machines, Laparocerus will become the ideal guinea - pig for broadening studies in dispersal and speciation processes of all kinds,» say the authors.

As global warming affects the earth and ocean, the retreat of the sea ice means there won't be as much cold, dense water, generated through a process known as oceanic convection, created to flow south and feed the Gulf Stream.

Academics and companies are also striving to improve processed shrimp feed and replace the fish meal it contains with other protein sources, a change that could help prevent further depletion of fish species at the base of oceanic food webs.

Dr Sinha concluded: «The deeper understanding gained in this study of the processes and regions responsible for variations in oceanic heat drawdown and retention will improve the accuracy of future climate projections.»

Dr. Johannes Karstensen, co-author of the study, emphasizes: «Only through long - term measurement programmes the connection between the complex oceanic and atmospheric processes can be identified.

And the oceanic crust has what appears to be a thick underplating of rock formed when magma that was working its way toward the surface became trapped under the crust and cooled — very much like the processes that occur under the Hawaiian Islands.

Lead author of the study, Dr Caroline Eakin, Research Fellow in Ocean and Earth Science at the University of Southampton, said: «The process of consuming old seafloor at subduction zones, where great slabs of oceanic material are swallowed up, drives circulation in the Earth's interior and keeps the planet going strong.

One of the most crucial but least known aspects of this process is the strength and behavior of oceanic slabs once they sink below the Earth's surface.

Assuming this process has been going on for all 4.5 billion years of Earth's existence, the researchers say that all known ultralow - velocity zones could have been formed in this manner, even if just 100 billion pounds (45 billion kg) of water — one - 10th of all the oceanic water on Earth — reacted with iron each year.

Now, researchers who study the Earth's climate system have extended the state - of - the - art Earth system models for physical and biogeochemical oceanic processes, projecting conditions through 2300.

This, researchers say, suggests that a significant proportion of the oceanic crust alterations long attributed to a chemical - physical process may stem from a biological one.

«This process also helps explain the unusually high oceanic phosphorus levels, thought to be the catalyst for the origin of animal life on Earth.»

Carbonates are important constituents of marine sediments and are heavily involved in the planet's deep carbon cycle, primarily due to oceanic crust sinking into the mantle, a process called subduction.

Upper ocean dynamics and interdisciplinary processes; structure of the oceanic surface boundary layer; air - sea interaction and the oceanic response to surface forcing; internal waves; fronts; oceanographic instrumentation and observing techniques.

This also tends to support the general concept that changes in the tropics (30N - 30S) are the primary drivers of global climate change; processes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific seem to respond to changes in the tropics, not the reverse — i.e. the concept of climate controlled by a global oceanic conveyor belt driven by a North Atlantic gear mechanism can probably be discarded.

The biogeochemical impacts of this «fertilization» remain unclear, as direct oceanic observations of atmospheric deposition are limited and models often can not resolve the important processes.

Earth system models integrate atmospheric, oceanic, chemical, and biological processes, many of which are too complex or occur at scales too small to simulate directly (e.g., formation of individual clouds).

A new study confirms that this was not Floridians» imaginations: From 2011 to at least 2015, the rate of sea level rise across the southeastern US shot up by a factor of six, from 3 - 4 millimeters a year to 20, and a combination of oceanic and atmospheric processes seem to be responsible.

In the few weeks / months of interim publishing, several papers have come out which, at first glance, support the MISI hypothesis with evidence or processes already under way (such as mid-level oceanic warming undercutting the PIG and Thwaites, amongst others.

Melting permafrost outgasses CO2 and methane, and the decrease in sea ice allows oceanic CO2 to mix back into the atmosphere; taken together, these processes greatly amplify the effect of increased sunlight, driving a relatively rapid exodus from the ice age.

Given that the answer to this for atmospheric models is a resounding «NO» (particularly because of sub-grid scale processes which need to be effectively pre-ordained through parameterizations), and given that oceanic circulations have much longer adjustment time scales, yet also have much more intense small scale (gyre) circulations than the atmosphere, my instinct is that we are not even close to being able to trust ocean models without long term validation data.

The weakening of the Walker circulation arises in these models from processes that are fundamentally different from those of El Nià ± o — and is present in both mixed - layer and full - ocean coupled models, so is not dependent on the models» ability to represent Kelvin waves (by the way, most of the IPCC - AR4 models have sufficient oceanic resolution to represent Kelvin waves and the physics behind them is quite simple — so of all the model deficiencies to focus on this one seems a little odd).

We need to be cognizant of everything from local - scale stable boundary layer micrometeorolgy and ocean unstable boundary layer turbulent processes to global oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns such as the Arctic Oscillation and the Gulf Stream's seasonal evolution.

I suppose that for a 3,7 W / m2 forcing, the additional energy of forcing + feedbacks is used for faster processes (melting ice, evaporation, warming of subsurface oceanic layers, etc.) and the new equilibrium is reach on a quite short timescale.

If so, I think we want to include tightly coupled chemical and biological processes, in that case — for example, the chemical fate of atmospheric methane over time, the effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on oceanic acid - base chemistry, and the response of the biological components of the carbon cycle to increased temperatures and a changing hydrologic cycle.

Designing and adopting appropriate parameterizations for the sub-grid scale processes are also critical for a vivid simulation of oceanic responses to storms.

To resolve that aspect one need only consider that convective overturning involves the entire mass of the atmosphere reacting to huge variations induced by solar and oceanic processes.

It is clearly established that climate variability affects the oceanic content of natural and anthropogenic DIC and the air - sea flux of CO2, although the amplitude and physical processes responsible for the changes are less well known.

That property of water could be enough to enable the weather processes overall to stabilise the whole process and is one of the reasons why oceanic temperature is, always has been and always will be the primary atmospheric temperature driver and will always reduce or possibly neutralise any effect of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the absence of really huge changes caused by astronomic or geological processes.

AIM events are counterparts of the short and more pronounced warming events in the Northern Hemisphere known as Dansgaard — Oeschger events18, and hence are a manifestation of the bipolar seesaw19, 20,21 with oceanic and terrestrial processes likely contributing to the reconstructed CO2 variations22, 23.

Here we present a means to estimate this natural flux by a separation of oceanic carbon anomalies into those created by biogenic processes and those created by CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere.

The main part of the decadal variations in the Earth's rotation parameters (ERP) could not be explained by surface processes like atmospheric and oceanic excitation.

Earth system models integrate atmospheric, oceanic, chemical, and biological processes, many of which are too complex or occur at scales too small to simulate directly (e.g., formation of individual clouds).

I propose the following Climatic null hypothesis that: «Natural climatic variation is quantified by the stochastic uncertainty envelope of historical and paleo data, embodying the nonlinear chaotic interaction of atmospheric, oceanic, volcanic, solar, and galactic processes, including climate persistence quantified by Hurst - Kolmogorov dynamics.»

«Natural climatic variation is quantified by the stochastic uncertainty envelope of historical and paleo data, embodying the nonlinear chaotic interaction of atmospheric, oceanic, volcanic, solar, and galactic processes, including climate persistence quantified by Hurst - Kolmogorov dynamics.»

These are essential to improve modeling simulations of climate variations and oceanic dynamic process studies.

Overall, based on 13 yr of data, a relatively contrasting pattern in trends appears to have emerged in the tropics / subtropics largely modulated by dust emissions and transport processes encompassing the Saharan arid lands and the Arabian Peninsula and their downwind oceanic regions, with downward and upward tendencies, respectively.

The persistent upwelling of cold water in the eastern tropical Pacific would have reduced cloud cover there, via reduced oceanic evaporation, and thus allowed more of the sun's energy to enter the tropical ocean - this would have aided the ocean warming process, as generally the case when the tropical ocean is cooler - than - normal.

New evidence shows that the ocean also acts as a source of organic matter from biogenic origin -LSB-...] Surface - active organic matter of biogenic origin -LSB-...] enriched in the oceanic surface layer and transferred to the atmosphere by bubble - bursting processes, are the most likely candidates to contribute to the observed organic fraction in marine aerosol.

They include the physical, chemical and biological processes that control the oceanic storage of carbon, and are calibrated against geochemical and isotopic constraints on how ocean carbon storage has changed over the decades and carbon storage in terrestrial vegetation and soils, and how it responds to increasing CO2, temperature, rainfall and other factors.

The results indicate that the surface ocean pCO2 trend is generally consistent with the atmospheric increase but is more variable due to large - scale interannual variability of oceanic processes.

At the same time, they point towards below normal ice extent in the Barents / Kara Sea, also compared to the record minimum in 2007, which they see coupled to oceanic processes and promoting further warming of surface waters in the region.

US CLIVAR is collaborating with the ocean carbon and biogeochemistry science community to increase observations and understanding of the coupled physical / biogeochemical processes that maintain the marine ecosystem and oceanic sources and sinks of carbon and predict how they will evolve in response to climate variability and change.

Throughout its life, the USGCRP has created and maintained a mix of atmospheric, oceanic, land, and space - based observing systems; gained new theoretical knowledge of Earth System processes; advanced understanding of the complexity of the Earth System through predictive modeling; promoted advances in computational capabilities, data management, and information sharing; and developed and harnessed an expert scientific workforce.

Geologic records indicate that when the increase in atmospheric CO2 is gradual, oceanic pH and carbonate levels remain relatively stable due to processes that occur in equilibrium, such as dissolution of CaCO3 shells, weathering of terrestrial rock, and tectonic processes.

The inter-decadal time scale of tropical Indo - Pacific SST variability is likely due to oceanic processes.

Its goal is to provide comprehensive information on the total climate system, involving a multidisciplinary range of physical, chemical and biological properties, and atmospheric, oceanic, hydrological, cryospheric and terrestrial processes.