One of the most ubiquitous is the «
octet rule,» which states that each atom in a molecule that is produced by a chemical reaction will have eight outer orbiting electrons.
Other molecules that violate
the octet rule have been observed before, but the UCLA study is among the first to observe such a molecule using tools from physics — namely lasers, ion traps and ultra-cold atom traps.
However, when the UCLA scientists added a second metal atom to the mix, a new molecule, BaOCa +, which no longer satisfied
the octet rule, had been formed.