Unlike Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the symptoms
of Dysthymia may be less severe, but its duration is far longer than an episode of MDD.
The onset
of Dysthymia is considered to be early if it develops before age 21 and late if it develops after the age of 21 years old.
At Hopewell Psychological, we understand that everyone's experience
of Dysthymia is unique and recognize that you may have different combination of symptoms from those listed above.
There were no statistically significant risk factors for the incidence
of dysthymia.
Not exact matches
Dysthymia can be difficult to diagnose because «it's gradual and kind
of sneaky,» Dr. Williamson says.
People often fill three or four main roles in their lives: vocation (meaning work or school); intimate partner or spouse; parent; and friend or community member, explains Michael Thase, MD, professor
of psychiatry at the University
of Pennsylvania Perelman School
of Medicine and co-author
of Beating the Blues: New Approaches to Overcoming
Dysthymia and Chronic Mild Depression.
The is a significant positive correlation between joy and contentment and decreased reports
of sadness and
dysthymia.
Dysthymia, a kind
of long - lasting mild depression, affecting about 2 %
of teens, and around the same amount
of develop bipolar disorder in their late teenage years.
Approximately 17 %
of Americans will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) at some point, and many more will experience lesser forms
of the disease (e.g.
dysthymia), according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
He has particular experience working with chemical and behavioral addictions, such as alcoholism, drug addiction and sexual compulsion / addiction, mood disorders, such as depression,
dysthymia and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, relationship problems, and mental health issues arising out
of or informed by sexual orientation.
Among youth with major depression, 60 % had CIDI - defined moderate to severe illness, 29 % had recurrent illness, 3 % had comorbid
dysthymia, and 15 % had a history
of manic episodes.
Youth baseline and follow - up interviews assessed mental health — related quality
of life using the Mental Health Summary Score (MCS - 12)(range
of possible scores, 0 - 100), 48,49 overall mental health using the Mental Health Inventory 5 (MHI - 5)(range
of possible scores, 5 - 30), 50 service use during the previous 6 months using the Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents51 adapted to incorporate items assessing mental health treatment by primary care clinicians, 52 and satisfaction with mental health care using a 5 - point scale ranging from very dissatisfied (1) to very satisfied (5).53 CIDI diagnoses
of major depression and
dysthymia were evaluated at baseline and follow - up.
Enrollment eligibility was based on youth meeting either
of 2 criteria: (1) endorsed «stem items» for major depression or
dysthymia from the 12 - month Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI - 12 [Core Version 2.1]-RRB- 38 modified slightly to conform to diagnostic criteria for adolescents, 39 1 week or more
of past - month depressive symptoms, and a total Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale (CES - D) 40 score
of 16 or greater (range
of possible scores, 0 - 60); or (2) a CES - D score
of 24 or greater.
Participants aged between 18 and 65 years, familiar with the use
of personal computers and suffering from mild to moderate levels
of major depression and / or
dysthymia and / or mild to moderate comorbid anxiety were eligible for the study.
The results support the growing concern about artificial distinctions between disorders which are virtually homologous on their symptom entry criteria.2
Dysthymia and MDD can not be considered distinctive when the only classification difference is duration and the presence or absence
of perhaps 1 symptom.
Assessment was made
of the association between suicide behaviours and mental health disorders, which were categorised as fear and anger disorders (specific) phobia, panic disorder / agoraphobia, social phobia, intermittent explosive disorder; distress disorders (separation anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder and / or
dysthymia (MDD / DYS) and generalised anxiety disorder; disruptive behaviour disorders (attention - deficit - hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder and eating disorders (including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder)-RRB-; and substance abuse (alcohol and illicit drug abuse).
The rates
of MDD and
dysthymia were lower than those
of a comparable study
of adolescents (5.26 %), 1 but this study did not use concurrent parent assessments and the participants were younger.
Incidence
of major depressive disorder and
dysthymia in young adolescents.
Among adolescents with ideation, only MDD /
dysthymia predicted the development
of a suicide plan, and only a handful
of disorders were predictors
of the transition from ideation to a suicide attempt (ie, MDD /
dysthymia, eating disorders, attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder [only for unplanned attempt] and IED [only for planned attempt]-RRB-.
It is difficult to compare our findings with studies
of general population youth because rates vary widely, depending on the sample, the method, the source
of data (participant or collaterals), and whether functional impairment was required for diagnosis.50 Despite these differences, our overall rates are substantially higher than the median rate reported in a major review article (15 %) 50 and other more recent investigations: the Great Smoky Mountains Study (20.3 %), 56 the Virginia Twin Study
of Adolescent Behavioral Development (142 cases per 1000 persons), 57 the Methods for the Epidemiology
of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (6.1 %), 32 and the Miami — Dade County Public School Study (38 %).58 We are especially concerned about the high rates
of depression and
dysthymia among detained youth (17.2 %
of males, 26.3 %
of females), which are also higher than general population rates.51,56 - 61 Depressive disorders are difficult to detect (and treat) in the chaos
of the corrections milieu.
26 %
of observations with any other disorder at baseline had MDD at follow up, and 11 % had
dysthymia.
Individual or cluster randomised controlled trials
of any psychotherapy (PT) versus no treatment, attention - placebo, waiting - list control, or treatment as usual, in adolescents (aged 6 — 18 years) with depression or
dysthymia.
Readers also need to note that the results are applicable only to people with no history
of personality disorder or
dysthymia.
Analyses were conducted using aggregate published data on allelic frequency
of 5 - HTTLPR, cultural values
of individualism — collectivism and global prevalence
of anxiety and mood disorders, which refers to bipolar disorder,
dysthymia and major depressive disorder defined by DSM IV / CIDI criteria in the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) survey, with nation as the cultural unit
of analysis.
418 adolescents aged 13 — 21 years, presenting at clinic with either
of two criteria: endorsed «stem items» for major depression or
dysthymia from 12 month Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI - 12), one week or more
of depressive symptoms in the past month, and a total Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES - D) score
of ⩾ 16; or a CES - D score
of ⩾ 24.
When this combination
of major depression and
dysthymia occurs, the condition is referred to as double depression (USDHHS, 2000).
Dysthymia, also referred to as Persistent Depressive Disorder, is a type
of Depressive Disorder that is characterized by depressed mood that occurs over a long period
of time.
Several common childhood psychiatric conditions have features similar to those
of conduct disorder, and comorbid conditions are also common.11 The differential diagnosis should include attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorder (major depression,
dysthymia, bipolar disorder), substance abuse and intermittent explosive disorder (Table 2).
Diagnoses include anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia without panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive - compulsive disorder, separation anxiety disorder), mood disorders (major depressive disorder,
dysthymia, bipolar I and II disorders), a series
of four disorders that share a common feature
of difficulty with impulse control (intermittent explosive disorder, oppositional - defiant disorder, conduct disorder, attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder), and four substance use disorders (alcohol abuse, drug abuse, alcohol dependence, drug dependence).
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) can reduce the pain
of dysthymic disorder, i.e.,
dysthymia.
Mothers with an infant aged up to 12 months were recruited at eight mental health centers in The Netherlands, if they met the following inclusion criteria: (a) having a diagnosis
of a major depressive episode or
dysthymia according to the DSM - IV criteria [52](95 %) and / or scoring above 14 on the Beck Depression Inventory [53] indicating increased levels
of depressive symptoms (5 %); (b) having adequate fluency in Dutch; and (c) receiving professional outpatient treatment for their depression.
Adolescent interviews assessed all disorders, while briefer parent questionnaires assessed only disorders for which parent reports have previously been shown to play a large part in diagnosis: behavior disorders15 and depression or
dysthymia.16 Parent and adolescent reports were combined at the symptom level using an «or» rule (except in the case
of attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder where only parent reports were used based on evidence
of low validity
of adolescent reports).
In one
of the few studies addressing this issue, 61 patients with
dysthymia or chronic major depressive disorder were compared to 35 patients with non-chronic forms
of depression (Riso et al. 2002).
The CIDI overdiagnosed 4
of these 5 disorders and underdiagnosed major depression or
dysthymia.
Parent and adolescent reports both contributed to area under the curve when both were assessed, with respective values based on adolescent, parent, and combined reports
of 0.75, 0.71, and 0.87 for depression or
dysthymia; 0.57, 0.71, and 0.78 for attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder; 0.71, 0.66, and 0.85 for oppositional - defiant disorder; and 0.59, 0.96, and 0.98 for conduct disorder.
The goal
of the present paper is to broaden this area
of research by examining specificity between the type
of adversity (e.g. abuse versus neglect / indifference) and the resulting co-morbid disorder (e.g. anxiety versus
dysthymia co-morbidity).
Disorders considered herein include anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive - compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia), mood disorders (bipolar I and II disorders,
dysthymia, major depressive disorder), disorders that share a feature
of problems with impulse control (bulimia, intermittent explosive disorder, and adult persistence
of 3 childhood - adolescent disorders — attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional - defiant disorder — among respondents in the 18 - to 44 - year age range), and substance disorders (alcohol and drug abuse and dependence).
These results suggest that particular adverse experiences in childhood do set up specific vulnerabilities to the expression
of anxiety versus
dysthymia co-morbidity in adulthood major depression.
Of these, 28 were diagnosed with a co-morbid anxiety disorder and 21 were diagnosed with co-morbid
dysthymia.