Using the adjoint
of an ocean general circulation model, I try to understand the local and remote processes that generate temperature anomalies in the Nordic Seas on different timescales and their potential contribution to decadal climate predictability.
Not exact matches
CMIP was established as a resource for climate modelers, providing a standard protocol for studying the output
of coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation models so that these
models can be compared and validated.
This corresponds in scope (not un-coincidentally) to the atmospheric component
of General Circulation Models (GCMs) coupled to (at least) a mixed - layer
ocean.
Our
general circulation model simulations, which take into account the recently observed widespread occurrence
of vertically extended atmospheric brown clouds over the Indian
Ocean and Asia3, suggest that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional lower atmospheric warming trends.
(Top left) Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2)
of LGM climate change agents, generally feedbacks in glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations for the LGM.
Jin, X.Z., X.H. Zhang, and T.J. Zhou, 1999: Fundamental framework and experiments
of the third generation
of the IAP / LASG World
Ocean General Circulation Model.
Six, K.D., and E. Maier - Reimer, 1996: Effects
of plankton dynamics on seasonal carbon fluxes in an
ocean general circulation model.
This year we received 14 June SIO submissions from dynamical
models,
of which 3 were from ice -
ocean models forced by atmospheric reanalysis or other atmospheric
model output and 12 were from fully - coupled
general circulation models.
In an ensemble
of fully coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations
of the late Paleocene and early Eocene, we identify such a
circulation - driven enhanced intermediate - water warming.
Diansky, N.A., and E.M. Volodin, 2002: Simulation
of the present - day climate with a coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation model.
Robertson, A.W., 2001: Influence
of ocean - atmosphere interaction on the Arctic Oscillation in two
general circulation models.
Schiller, A., U. Mikolajewicz, and R. Voss, 1997: The stability
of the North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation in a coupled
ocean - atmosphere
general circulation model.
Knowledge
of dominant scales associated with mesoscale eddies enables a better understanding
of the resolution requirements for the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project, the framework used for comparison
of global coupled
ocean - atmosphere
general circulation models.
The Met Office Hadley Centre (Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research) climate change
model, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than
model, Hadley Centre Coupled
Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than
Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than
model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows
of ten years either side
of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average
of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios
of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than B1).
There is considerable confidence that Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) provide credible quantitative estimates
of future climate change, particularly at continental and larger scales.
This corresponds in scope (not un-coincidentally) to the atmospheric component
of General Circulation Models (GCMs) coupled to (at least) a mixed - layer
ocean.
«GCM —
General Circulation Model (sometimes Global Climate
Model) which includes the physics
of the atmosphere and often the
ocean, sea ice and land surface as well.»
A vast array
of thought has been brought to bear on this problem, beginning with Arrhenius» simple energy balance calculation, continuing through Manabe's one - dimensional radiative - convective
models in the 1960's, and culminating in today's comprehensive atmosphere -
ocean general circulation models.
We employed two different climate
model simulations: (1) the simulation of the NCAR CSM 1.4 coupled atmosphere - ocean General Circulation Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations of a simple Energy Balance Model (
model simulations: (1) the simulation
of the NCAR CSM 1.4 coupled atmosphere -
ocean General Circulation Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations of a simple Energy Balance Model (
Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations
of a simple Energy Balance
Model (
Model (EBM).
As noted in that post, RealClimate defines the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation («AMO») as, «A multidecadal (50 - 80 year timescale) pattern
of North Atlantic
ocean - atmosphere variability whose existence has been argued for based on statistical analyses of observational and proxy climate data, and coupled Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulat
ocean - atmosphere variability whose existence has been argued for based on statistical analyses
of observational and proxy climate data, and coupled Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulat
Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulations.
Modelling of the biological system, however, has been more challenging, and it has only been recently that primitive ecosystem
models have been incorporated in global
general circulation ocean models.
Development
of models for the
general circulation of the
ocean started later, but has proceeded in a similar manner.
An atmospheric
general circulation model coupled to a simple mixed layer
ocean was forced with altered implied
ocean heat transports during a period
of increasing trace gases.
Our
general circulation model simulations, which take into account the recently observed widespread occurrence
of vertically extended atmospheric brown clouds over the Indian
Ocean and Asia, suggest that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional lower atmospheric warming trends.
Abstract: «The patterns
of time / space changes in near - surface temperature due to the separate forcing components are simulated with a coupled atmosphere —
ocean general circulation model»
This thesis presents the results
of several
general circulation model simulations aimed at studying the effect
of ocean circulation changes when they occur in conjunction with increased atmospheric trace gas concentrations.
«Seasonal Cycle Experiments on Climate Sensitivity Due to a Doubling
of CO2 with an Atmospheric
General Circulation Model Coupled to a Simple Mixed Layer
Ocean Model.»
Experiments with coupled
ocean - atmosphere
general circulation models (which represent the complexity
of the climate system much more realistically than this simple
model) give similar results.
An increased number
of simulations using EMICs or Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) that are the same as, or related to, the models used in simulations of the climates of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these pe
Models (AOGCMs) that are the same as, or related to, the
models used in simulations of the climates of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these pe
models used in simulations
of the climates
of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these periods.
To investigate the effects
of CO2 emissions on
ocean pH, we forced the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
ocean general -
circulation model (Fig. 1a) with the pressure
of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) observed from 1975 to 2000, and with CO2 emissions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's IS92a scenario1 for 2000 — 2100.
Rowlands (2012) write, «Here we present results from a multi-thousand-member perturbed - physics ensemble
of transient coupled atmosphere —
ocean general circulation model simulations.
«Development
of Global Coupled
Ocean - Atmosphere
General Circulation Models.»
People convinced as to the accuracy
of AO - GCM (Atmosphere
Ocean General Circulation Model) simulations may believe that these provide acceptable estimates
of S, but even the IPCC does not deny the importance
of observational evidence.
Although previous studies have offered a
general global overview
of water
circulation between the
oceans and land, this traditional two - region
model does not take into account the considerable precipitation that occurs over tropical coastal regions, including the Indonesian maritime continent, the Indian subcontinent, and the Bay
of Bengal.
The ensemble and seasonal forecast systems use a coupled atmosphere -
ocean model, which includes a simulation
of the
general circulation of the
ocean and the associated coupled feedback processes that exist.
This project used a compiled set
of emission and forcing scenarios called the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) to drive a group
of the most complex climate available, so - called Atmosphere
Ocean General Circulation Models.
The researchers, from the University
of Southampton and the National Oceanography Centre
of Southampton, sought to investigate the long - term fate
of carbon that reaches the deep
ocean, employing an
ocean general circulation model to conduct particle - tracking experiments.
Here a simple biologically and physically - based
model of sapflow potential is used to assess observed changes in sapflow across the Northeastern US from 1980 to 2006; document the correspondence between these observations and independent downscaled atmosphere
ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations
of conditions during this period; and quantify changes in sapflow potential through 2100.
The fact that Wahl and Ammann (2006) admit that the results
of the MBH methodology does not coincide with the results
of other methods such as borehole methods and atmospheric -
ocean general circulation models and that Wahl and Ammann adjust the MBH methodology to include the PC4 bristlecone / foxtail pine effects are significant reasons we believe that the Wahl and Amman paper does not convincingly demonstrate the validity
of the MBH methodology.
«The authors write that «the notorious tropical bias problem in climate simulations
of global coupled
general circulation models manifests itself particularly strongly in the tropical Atlantic,»... they state that «the climate bias problem is still so severe that one of the most basic features of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean — the eastward shoaling thermocline — can not be reproduced by most of the IPCC assessment report models,... as they describe it, «show that the bias in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has a major effect on sea - surface temperature (SST) response to a rapid change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AM
circulation models manifests itself particularly strongly in the tropical Atlantic,»... they state that «the climate bias problem is still so severe that one
of the most basic features
of the equatorial Atlantic
Ocean — the eastward shoaling thermocline — can not be reproduced by most
of the IPCC assessment report
models,... as they describe it, «show that the bias in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has a major effect on sea - surface temperature (SST) response to a rapid change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AM
Circulation (AMOC).»
Importantly, the changes in cereal yield projected for the 2020s and 2080s are driven by GHG - induced climate change and likely do not fully capture interannual precipitation variability which can result in large yield reductions during dry periods, as the IPCC (Christensen et al., 2007) states: ``... there is less confidence in the ability
of the AOGCMs (atmosphere -
ocean general circulation models) to generate interannual variability in the SSTs (sea surface temperatures)
of the type known to affect African rainfall, as evidenced by the fact that very few AOGCMs produce droughts comparable in magnitude to the Sahel droughts
of the 1970s and 1980s.»
An analysis
of two coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation models control runs (UK Met Office HadCM3 and NOAA GFDL CM2.1) agree with the shorter and longer time - scales of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and temperature fluctuations with periodicities close to thos
circulation models control runs (UK Met Office HadCM3 and NOAA GFDL CM2.1) agree with the shorter and longer time - scales
of Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC) and temperature fluctuations with periodicities close to thos
Circulation (AMOC) and temperature fluctuations with periodicities close to those observed.
Between its Second and Third Assessment Reports, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change elaborated long - term greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, in part to drive global
ocean - atmosphere
general circulation models, and ultimately to assess the urgency
of action to prevent the risk
of climatic change.
The response
of atmospheric CO2 and climate to the reconstructed variability in solar irradiance and radiative forcing by volcanoes over the last millennium is examined by applying a coupled physical — biogeochemical climate
model that includes the Lund - Potsdam - Jena dynamic global vegetation
model (LPJ - DGVM) and a simplified analogue
of a coupled atmosphere —
ocean general circulation model.
This study evaluates the forecast skill
of the fourth version
of the Canadian coupled
ocean — atmosphere
general circulation model (CanCM4) and its
model output statistics (MOS) to forecast the seasonal rainfall in Malaysia, particularly during early (October — November — December) and late (January — February — March) winter monsoon periods.
These concern the large - scale
general circulations of the atmosphere and
ocean, and they are in principle represented in current comprehensive coupled climate
models.
She and colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts used the NASA GISS
ocean model and the MIT General Circulation Model to simulate one of the Atlantic's major current systems that delivers absorbed heat and gases to the de
model and the MIT
General Circulation Model to simulate one of the Atlantic's major current systems that delivers absorbed heat and gases to the de
Model to simulate one
of the Atlantic's major current systems that delivers absorbed heat and gases to the depths.
Here we present results from a multi-thousand-member perturbed - physics ensemble
of transient coupled atmosphere —
ocean general circulation model simulations.
CMIP was established as a resource for climate modelers, providing a standard protocol for studying the output
of coupled atmosphere -
ocean general circulation models so that these
models can be compared and validated.
Coupled Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) provide a representation
of the climate system that is near the most comprehensive end
of the spectrum currently available.