The term «pastor» came into general use only during the eighteenth century under the influence
of Pietism, especially in Lutheranism.
Philipp Jacob Spener (1635 - 1705), the apostle
of Pietism, held that the aim of preaching should be to «awaken faith and [to] urge the fruits of faith,» and hence that the aim of ministerial training should be «not only to impart knowledge but to have truth penetrate the soul.»
But the contentiousness here is compounded by forms
of pietism and communitarianism that are incredibly complex and pervasive.
In the course of time American cultural experience, coupled with the influence
of pietism, revivalism, and rationalism, resulted in the principle of religious liberty, which enabled Americans of diverse confessional backgrounds to live together in relative peace.
Some were part of a swelling tide
of Pietism.
The protests of the orthodox groups were in vain; in vain also was the revival of religious emotionalism in the various groups
of Pietism upon the Continent.
Out
of Pietism and refugee remnants which survived the near erasure of Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia during the Thirty Years» War came the Moravians.
Niebuhr is right in saying that there is no solution of the problem of redemption in terms of the formulas
of pietism.
If it does so, it will reverse the trend
of Pietism, Revivalism, and other similar movements, but it will follow them in their indifference toward denominationalism (cf. World Council of Churches, Commission on Faith and Order, The Nature of the Church, 1952).
«19 «The nation needs regenerated people, and this is the business of «revivalism»; and it needs keepers of the Law of God, which is at the heart
of a pietism that emphasizes ethical absolutes.»
The theory of the ministry in the churches of the Reformation was also precise; the minister was fundamentally the preacher of the Word, an idea which later, in the days
of Pietism and Evangelicalism, was modified in the direction of the conception of the minister as evangelist.
Is it the American form of liberation theology, belatedly discovered by Latin American Catholics, Third World Protestants and others who had not previously been led beyond their distinctive forms
of pietism by historicism and sociology?
This tradition, however, produced the reaction
of Pietism with its alternative strategy of how to «complete the Reformation.»
Not exact matches
The name for such an internalization in modernity is
pietism and the theological expression
of that practice is called Protestant liberalism.
on the one hand characterized by rationalistic ideas
of progress and on the other by a sentimental
pietism.
Some would argue that
Pietism merely assumed the orthodox doctrine
of Scripture.
And perhaps most significantly we should notice that some would trace the emergence
of early forms
of biblical criticism to
Pietism and its attack on the abstract doctrinal character
of orthodoxy.
A bright young student raised in a tradition
of conservative Evangelical
pietism, Mouw recalls that his pastors «often viewed the intellectual life against the background
of a cosmic spiritual battle in which the human intellect, especially as it aligns itself with the cause
of the academy, is inevitably on the wrong side
of the struggle.»
Building on the emphasis on the individual in
pietism, moving through Kant, and in this century appropriating existentialism, Lutheranism has too frequently tried to construct in the private experience
of justification an area for faith that can not be touched by the challenges
of modernity.
But evangelicals give time and attention to these dimensions
of faith, many
of which have been lost in much
of the church as piety was redefined as
pietism and rejected.
Balmer's attempt at originality has to do with the influence
of Continental (Reformed, Lutheran, Dutch, German, etc.) «
Pietism» on the evangelicalism that usually gets traced mainly to Puritanism.
Phrases like these dominate: English - speaking evangelicalism and continental
Pietism each elaborated «themes associated» with those
of the other, and spoke
of them «at the same time»; there are «a few scattered references,» but the literature is sparse.
Evangelicalism was, at its heart, a movement, influenced not only by a strong emphasis on the authority
of Scripture but also by a lively, impassioned, and deeply personal spirituality — an eclectic, ecumenical mix
of elements from
Pietism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, and Pentecostalism.
For many, the path that led from the historic patterns
of Protestant
pietism to ecumenically engaged, socially involved and intellectually critical evangelicalism, and away from constrictive fundamentalism, forked at Rauschenbusch.
In our reaction against the decadent
pietism of the recent past, we falsely prided ourselves on our willingness to accept life as it is, realistically, in all its ambiguity, not painting it in more glowing colors.
Just as the barnacle
of legalism can grow onto the disciplines, so also can the barnacle
of individualistic
pietism.
Thus the absence from the dominant image
of the ministry in Protestantism
of the permanent truths in the medieval image helped later Protestant rationalism and intellectualism to become stiff - necked and rigid and even arrogant;
pietism to become detached and legalistic and self - righteous; emotional and anti-intellectual groups to become aesthetically barren and theologically illiterate; and some liturgical - minded groups to conclude that the calluses on their knees entitled them to wear plugs in their ears.
Among his writings are Theological Roots
of Pentacostalism (Scarecrow 1984), Discovering an Evangelical Heritage (Harper & Row 1976), and (editor) Contemporary Perspectives on
Pietism (Convent 1976).
While it was prominent in German
pietism in the post-Reformation period, and was particularly important in the Calvinist Reformation (where Psalm texts dominated), the modern hymn book is heavily influenced by the 19th - century tradition
of the English hymn.
Trading legalism for
pietism is really no improvement, we are no longer under the power
of the law, and no longer slaves to sin, we still can and do fall short
of perfection, in fact, Romans 7 gives us a pretty clear picture
of the kind
of abject failure that results from trying to live a pious life under our own power.
I do love the thought
of how you came to see
Pietism — giving yourself the gospel, and then taking it away from yourself.
He represented the warm, personal religion
of German
Pietism, coupled with a strong orthodox Lutheranism which insisted on adherence to the historically formulated Lutheran doctrines.
And so it was that academic theology's most recent reflection on the Christian life has been so shy
of offering guides for experience that it has left the field wide open to the
pietism it intended to combat.
Pietism in Wurttemberg took a politically passive turn because it was largely tolerated by the state church, which was somewhat independent
of the king and capable through the involvement
of the aristocracy
of incorporating new ideas about the nature
of the polity.
Mary Fulbrook's comparative study
of Puritanism and
Pietism in England, Wurttemberg, and Prussia also contributes to the current reassessment
of Weber's ideas.2 Asking why religious ideas favored absolutism in Prussia in contrast to a politically passive orientation in Wurttemberg and an anti-absolutist attitude in England, Fulbrook is led to examine the interaction between religious ideas and the social contexts in which they take shape.
Especially in its Barthian form, neo-orthodoxy was wary
of «mysticism,»
pietism, and experience - centered theologies
of the nineteenth century.
Prussian
Pietism, in contrast, developed in the context
of a feudal aristocracy that gave it a relatively weak economic base.
Until a far greater percentage
of churchgoing Americans and Canadians have become more articulate about the faith, it is absurd to imagine that North American church folk could stand back from their sociological moorings far enough to detach what Christians profess from the mish - mash
of modernism, secularism,
pietism, and free - enterprise democracy with which Christianity in our context is so fantastically interwoven.
Unquestionably, the
pietism which both Luther and Calvin resisted, tended to reinforce an individualistic view
of salvation in spite
of the fact that pietistic mysticism usually stressed experience
of the Holy Spirit in the agape - love which binds the community
of the faithful together.
But
pietism found this experience only in the sect, withdrawn in part from the world with its distinctive marks
of separation.
Robert C. Leslie identifies these salient points at which small groups played a vital role in church history: Christ and his disciples, the Apostolic church, Montanism, monasticism, the Waldenses, the Franciscans, the Friends
of God, the Brethren
of the Common Life, German
pietism, the Anabaptists, the Society
of Friends, the Wesleyan revival, the Great Awakening, the Iona Community, the Emmanuel Movement, and the Oxford Group Movement (from which came Alcoholics Anonymous).
One might mention the Evangelical Covenant Church
of America (a nonfundamentalist immigrant church rooted in
pietism) or the Southern Baptists as illustrations.
This literature contains some stimulating intellectual responses as well as several ad hominem pieces which are more concerned with rhetorical flourish and
pietisms than critical reflection.1 There are some who want to rid the church
of process theology because it is too philosophical, hence unappreciative
of things which are distinctively religious.
Their
pietism, which I confused with Lutheranism, early made me restive, not least because
of my precocious reading
of Britannica articles on evolution and Gibbon's Decline and Fall (my father's library was short on comic books).
They render it susceptible to the seductions
of secularism on the one hand, or push it into a sterile
pietism or hollow formalism on the other.
It would have a close relationship to the
pietism of the Protestant sects, to Wesley and Edwards; but it must be far more realistic in its understanding
of the continuing limitations
of the life
of the Christian than former theologies have been.
At the same time Niebuhr said that the evangelical churches, coupling
pietism and perfectionist illusions, are tempted to disregard the moral ambiguity in the life
of the redeemed.
On the other hand, he said that the message
of Billy Graham, despite its simple
pietism and obscurantist framework
of «The Bible says...,» has «preserved something
of the biblical sense
of a divine judgment and mercy before which all human strivings and ambitions are convicted
of guilt and reduced to their proper proportions.
Serving God with the heart is important, as
pietism reminds us; but serving God with the mind is the particular function
of the intellectual life.
H. Berkof points out that German theologians had played a leading part in the concentration
of forces
of evangelicalism by a combination
of confessional Lutheranism and
pietism.