They made these clones by a process called automatic parthenogenesis: The
egg is formed
normally (with half the species» usual number
of chromosomes), then
fertilized by the «polar body,» a cell that is created during oogenesis and contains the same gene copies as the
egg, resulting in the shark having half the genetic variation
of its mother.
Twins are
normally either identical — the result
of a single sperm
fertilizing a single
egg, which then splits and duplicates itself — or fraternal, developing from two separate
eggs fertilized by two separate sperm.