The Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Gutowski v. Clayton delivers a clear message that the extensive speech immunity protections afforded by the common law defence
of absolute privilege will not extend to statements made by municipal councilors in council meetings.
[6] With no factual or expert evidence admissible on the motion, the Court noted that «a Rule 21 motion is not the appropriate vehicle» 7 to decide whether the common law definition
of absolute privilege should extend to statements made by municipal councilors in council meetings on the basis of necessity.
The communications were made on an occasion
of absolute privilege.
[2] The appellants brought a motion under Rule 21.01 (1)(a) of the Rules of Civil Procedure [3] for a determination before trial of whether the defence
of absolute privilege should be extended to protect statements made in municipal council meetings.
[33] This lack of a legislative framework of control and self - regulation acts as a significant bar to the extension of the law
of absolute privilege to statements made by municipal councilors in council meetings.
The Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Gutowski v. Clayton [1](«Gutowski») delivers a clear message that the extensive speech immunity protections afforded by the common law defence
of absolute privilege will not extend to statements made by municipal councilors in council meetings.
A person who makes a complaint to the police, thereby instigating a police investigation which does not lead to a prosecution, is entitled to rely on the defence
of absolute privilege if defamation proceedings are subsequently brought.
Not exact matches
The thing is,
privilege is not
absolute and their are countless axes
of privilege.
A nonadumbrated view
of the world would be the
privilege of an
absolute mind.
The janissaries were the special guards
of the Sultan, recruited from Christian youths who were given special
privileges and free education which inculcated in them
absolute loyalty to the ruler.
Lawrence Clarke has been named as captain
of the Great Britain & Northern Ireland team for the European Athletics Indoor Championships taking place in Prague from March 5 - 8, with the sprint hurdler describing the role as «an
absolute privilege».
Tremendous gratitude for the four people sleeping outside that door who give up a lot
of space, and much patience to make my crazy dreams come true, and make the ride much more fun along the way; for the
absolute honor and
privilege of being a writer (is it really true?)
Being apart
of such magic has been an
absolute privilege.
While certain days are actually just about these processes, it is important to know that even though anyone can be employed to wipe noses, change diapers and clean messes, you have the
absolute privilege of being with your children 24/7.
«That said, it is an
absolute honor and distinct
privilege to serve as acting U.S. Attorney and to carry the mantle and lead the fine men and women
of this Office in our daily pursuit
of justice.»
This is an exciting time for Queens, and in this chapter
of growth, development and opportunities for our borough, it's an
absolute privilege to work with a dynamic leader
of such passion and vision.»
«It has been an
absolute privilege to serve the residents
of the First Assembly District over the past five years,» Mr. Alessi said in a statement sent just after 4 p.m. last Wednesday.
«It has been an
absolute privilege to serve the residents
of the First Assembly District over the past five years,» Mr. Alessi said in a statement sent just after 4 p.m. Wednesday.
When I win the lottery, I may have the
absolute privilege to change my wardrobe every single week at the desire
of my heart.
For those just joining IYBC, I recently had the
absolute privilege of being invited to the Womenswear show put on...
It was an
absolute honour and a
privilege to be able to talk to such a brilliant person who took the time to talk with us for a small interview, Jack used his power
of persuasion (and his Press Pass) to wrangle the interview and what an interview it was, but rather than just write it all up, you can watch the full video below or view it on our YouTube Channel.
Throughout the year, Professor Davies reminded me to always interrogate the sources
of my discomfort and
privilege; that power is both relative and
absolute; and that deliberacy in thought and action must permeate through our work.
I have the
absolute privilege of working alongside some incredibly smart and brave people, people willing to stand up to the power players and put themselves out there because they believe it will help kids and help families.
Being around for a lot
of the first «firsts» was an
absolute privilege.
Working in an animal shelter you will have the
absolute privilege of seeing families created for the first time.
•
Privilege — The perfect combination
of luxury and style for
absolute comfort, the room is equipped with an en - suite travertine marble bathroom with a shower or bathtub.
All the benefits
of Platinum apply, plus extra special
privileges that make each journey an
absolute pleasure.
It combines
absolute privacy with the
privilege of enjoying the five - star services
of the Palazzina hotel: from the concierge to the daily maid service and the hotel's PG's Restaurant and bar.
The thing with The Force Awakens is that we've had the
privilege of being able to create some additional content, some additional levels that take place before the events
of The Force Awakens and allow us to explore some
of the backstory
of the characters, which is an
absolute dream for any fan
of Star Wars.
An
absolute joy and
privilege working with some
of the world's finest musicians at a world - class recording studio.
It was an
absolute honour and a
privilege to be able to talk to such a brilliant person who took the time to talk with us for a small interview, Jack used his power
of persuasion (and his Press Pass) to wrangle the interview and what an interview it was, but rather than just write it all up, you can watch the full video below or view it on our YouTube Channel.
Was definitely going to buy an XB1X, but after that
absolute sh*t show, I'm now rethinking... Not really a fan
of the idea
of spending # 450 just for the
privilege of replaying games I've already played through and completed.
Statements made to another person's parole officer regarding the conduct
of the parolee were subject to
absolute privilege.]
Absolute privilege may be available to some
of the other defendants (see New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker
of the House
of Assembly)-RRB- and the defence
of qualified
privilege may attach to statements made by others.
To illustrate, this means statements made in court, including court documents like the Statement
of Claim by which a sexual abuse plaintiff starts a lawsuit, are protected by
absolute privilege.
[30] In view
of the almost
absolute nature
of the
privilege, competing interests are much less relevant, and indeed, as stated by Major J. in McClure, a balancing
of interests is not appropriate.
A. applied for summary judgment on the grounds that it was plain and obvious the defamation claim could not succeed because the statement alleged to be defamatory was protected by
absolute privilege and the remainder
of the pleadings disclosed no reasonable cause
of action.
The Court
of Appeal held in the recent case
of R v. Brown (Edward)[2016] 1 WLR 1141 that in addition to the fraud / iniquity exception, the normally
absolute rule
of privilege is capable
of further qualification at common law.
Other than where life, liberty and the security
of the person are involved, it is not obvious why the nearly
absolute version
of solicitor - client
privilege is genuinely required as opposed to a lesser protection as applies, for example, to protect the adversarial process (litigation
privilege) or settlement discussions (settlement
privilege).
As the Supreme Court
of Canada has made clear, solicitor - client
privilege in Canada is as close to
absolute as possible.
Records subject to a claim
of solicitor ‑ client
privilege may be ordered disclosed only where absolutely necessary — a test just short
of absolute prohibition.
Justice Thomas E. Hoffman wrote in his opinion, «In our view,
absolute privilege must extend to reports prepared by an expert witness which form the basis
of the witness» testimony.»
The Court
of Appeal in Gutowski recognized the importance
of municipal councilors exercising their freedom
of expression in their role as elected members
of municipal government but stopped short
of finding that this was sufficient to extend to municipal councilors the same
absolute privilege afforded to their federal and provincial counterparts.
The appellants argued that statements made during council meetings are akin to statements made in the federal and provincial parliaments and should be protected by way
of a similar speech immunity.8 The
absolute privilege enjoyed by members
of the legislatures and Parliament, encompassed under the umbrella
of «parliamentary
privilege,» secures the right
of parliamentarians to speak and debate freely in parliamentary proceedings with immunity from civil or criminal action.
[4] The appellants unsuccessfully argued the motion and the appeal, with both courts agreeing that the defence
of qualified
privilege, but not
absolute privilege, applies to statements made by municipal councilors in council meetings.
However, the Court went on to discuss as a principle
of law the question
of whether the right to freedom
of expression was sufficient in and
of itself to extend an
absolute privilege to municipal council meetings.
In addition to these more traditional policy exceptions to the application
of the
privilege, recent events remind us that the
privilege is not at all
absolute.
There are two types
of «
privilege» —
absolute and qualified.
Further drawing this distinction, the court cited a federal district court case where
absolute privilege applied because the individual was «for all practical purposes compelled to make his statements to the commission» and «to classify [the] statements as only conditionally privileged would have caused great harm to the administration
of government and the government's ability to ensure justice was served.»
For example, it may be able to rely on
absolute privilege, which will exist where a statement or conduct can fairly be said to be part
of the process
of investigating a crime (or a possible crime) with a view to a prosecution (or a possible prosecution) in respect
of the matter being investigated.