A map of the southern sky shows the correlation between sources of incoming cosmic rays (circles) and the
locations of active galaxies (red dots).
The ideal background «lights» for such a study are quasars, which are very distant bright
cores of active galaxies powered by black holes.
She has demonstrated that accretion disks in the
center of active galaxies lie at random angles relative to their host galaxies.
Because the gas in the halo is dark, the team measured it by using the light from quasars, the very distant bright cores
of active galaxies powered by black holes.
New observations with the National Science Foundation's Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) indicate that the inner
workings of active galaxies may be considerably more complex than astronomers have previously thought.
Still, he says, it's plausible that the team is seeing a real signal, all the more so because Auger has long seen similar clustering in the
direction of active galaxy Centaurus A. «We have what you might you might call a warm spot,» he says.
The current
model of active galaxies such as M87 posits that each one harbors at its center a black hole many millions or even billions of times more massive than our own sun, all packed into a space about the size of our solar system.
Known as Seyfert galaxies, these are another type
of active galaxy with relatively low mass black holes residing at their centers.
«We were lucky that we detected the event just 3 - 4 years after the decline started so we could begin monitoring campaigns to study details of the accretion
physics of active galaxies that can not be studied otherwise,» Bernd Husemann, project leader at the Close AGN Reference Survey and the lead author of the second study, said in the statement.
With further study, we think we can determine just which way it is moving, and thus help answer the question of just how these gas clouds in the central
regions of active galaxies are behaving.»
The particular type
of active galaxy seen then simply depends on the angle the accretion disk and dust ring are to the line of sight.
A third type
of active galaxy called BL Lacertae objects (BL Lac objects for short) are probably radio galaxies with their jets pointed right at us.
Also, galaxy mergers and collisions will keep the gas and stars in the central
part of active galaxies sufficiently stirred up so some of that material will become part of the accretion disk.
New observations with the National Science Foundation's Very Long Baseline Array indicate that the inner
workings of active galaxies may be considerably more complex than astronomers have previously thought.
Likewise, for astronomers interested in the early universe, focusing on just the flashiest quasars — the luminous
cores of active galaxies — might lead to skewed results.
For decades, astronomers have tried to pin down why two of the most common
types of active galaxies, known as Type I and Type II galaxies, appear different when observed from Earth.
Jets, too, can be seen traveling at close to the speed of light from the center
of active galaxies and stretching millions of light - years into space; in fact, the disk - wind theory was developed to explain these extragalactic jets.
Surprisingly, 85 %
of the active galaxies were classified as not being strongly distorted, suggesting that they hadn't experienced major collisions or mergers in their recent past.
The effort paid off: Each team obtained good data on a quasar, a type
of active galaxy, that was shining when the universe was about a billion years old, just as the fog was beginning to clear.
«Blazars are one type
of active galaxy,» said Marco Ajello, a professor of physics and astronomy and Paliya's advisor.
To test this idea, astronomers have used the Hubble telescope not only to study the centers
of active galaxies but also of normal galaxies.
Blazars appear to produce more gamma radiation than other types
of active galaxies, but this may be because one of their jets is pointed toward Earth.
One type
of active galaxy is the Seyfert galaxy, named after Carl Seyfert who was the first to discover the peculiar spectra of these types of galaxies.
Blazars are a type
of active galaxy — about 1,000 have been cataloged [source: A Review of the Universe].