In short, deference requires respect for the legislative choices to leave some matters in the hands
of administrative decision makers, for the processes and determinations that draw on particular expertise and experiences, and for the different roles of the courts and administrative bodies within the Canadian constitutional system.
That is, I think we have gone too far in safeguarding the law making role
of administrative decision makers by ignoring the role of the courts.
That law making role
of administrative decision makers has to be respected by the courts.
Therefore, we must not only respect the law - making role
of administrative decision makers, but also the co-ordinate law making role of the courts — to ensure that administrative decisions are consistent with the objectives and purposes of the legislation, the bounds set by the legislation, and other fundamental legal principles.
A question of law that is of «central importance to the legal system... and outside the... specialized area of expertise»
of the administrative decision maker will always attract a correctness standard (Toronto (City) v. C.U.P.E., at para. 62).
Not exact matches
Raise awareness and deepen understanding among
administrative decision makers to balance the call to reduce care with an understanding
of the benefits
of this new technology
Lusher officials met last week with an
administrative committee
of the Orleans Parish School Board and made a case for a 10 - year renewal that «no rational
decision maker» could deny, LeCesne said.
The significant concerns were in the structure
of the board and management team, which required assessment
of prior management experience, advise on
administrative expediency and sufficiency, and some political attention with the
decision makers.
Under the principles
of administrative law, government
decision -
makers must act within the ambit
of power bestowed upon them by statute and they must act in a way that is sufficiently fair and transparent.
Now, however, free - wheeling
administrative discretion remains, and the only check on its exercise is whether the
decision -
maker arrived at a «proportionate balancing»
of Charter rights with its statutory objectives.
Administrative decision - makers must apply Charter values: The court decided that the normal method of determining whether a law infringing a right or freedom is justifiable, the Oakes test, does not replace the administrative
Administrative decision -
makers must apply Charter values: The court decided that the normal method
of determining whether a law infringing a right or freedom is justifiable, the Oakes test, does not replace the
administrative administrative law framework.
In my view, in order to justify a Charter limit, the record
of evidence considered by the line
decision maker should demonstrate the elements
of accountability, intelligibility, adequacy and transparency courts expect from
administrative tribunals.
His first line
of attack is that the project
of adapting the multi-stage proportionality test to
administrative decision -
maker might have «miscarried» (at para. 110):
As a refresher, Dunsmuir held that certain presumptions will point to the applicable standard
of review; the level
of deference afforded to statutory
administrative decision -
makers.
An
administrative decision maker is entitled to deference on the basis
of expertise only if the question before it falls within the scope
of its expertise, whether specific or institutional» (para 83).
Specifically, the deferential review
of reasonableness will follow where an
administrative decision -
maker interprets its own home statute.
Categories alone would be insufficient to account for the varied nature
of administrative decision -
makers.
I am satisfied that the statutory review
of the
decision to segregate is procedurally unfair and contrary to the principles
of fundamental justice because the procedure chosen provides that the Institutional Head is the final
decision maker for admission, maintenance and release from
administrative segregation and is the final institutional
decision -
maker of required reviews and hearings which occur immediately after an inmate is segregated.
An
administrative decision maker's refusal to grant an adjournment is a question
of law.
This point goes to a tension in Doré between the duty
of administrative decision -
makers to consider Charter values and the role
of a reviewing court which has to assess the reasonableness
of the resulting
decision and whether a proportionate balance was reached.
But this specified expertise can not be imputed to all sorts
of administrative decision -
makers, and so the precedential value
of Pezim and Southam is limited.
It should be noted that the Court has, slowly but surely, narrowed both
of these categories into nothingness (see Doré, where the Court decided that the constitutional determinations
of administrative decision -
makers are entitled to deference).
The recent history
of judicial review in Canada has been marked by ebbs and flows
of deference, confounding tests and new words for old problems, but no solutions that provide real guidance for litigants, counsel,
administrative decision makers or judicial review judges.
Administrative law as a practice area sometimes gets a bad rap for being comprised
of Byzantine rules
of procedure (often completely unique to the specific tribunal in question), frustrating
decision makers, and shifting standards
of review.
The primary issue in substantive judicial review should always be what is the nature
of the question decided by the
administrative decision -
maker and who as between the judiciary and the executive or its delegates is best - suited to have the final say in answering it.
My comments start from three propositions which are rooted in constitutional theory: (1) absent constitutional objection, legislation binds; (2)
administrative decision -
makers enabled by statute can only go so far as their home statute allows (3) it is a court's job, on any standard
of review, to enforce those boundaries; in American terminology, to «say what the law is» (Marbury v Madison; Edmonton East, at para 21).
Their reformulated reasonableness standard retains key features
of its predecessors: (i) applicability to questions that lend themselves to more than one answer; and (ii) judicial review limited to an assessment
of the
administrative decision -
maker's reasons on the basis
of its justification, transparency, and legitimacy.
The HRTO emphasized how
administrative decision -
makers had applied different tests, making this an unsettled and inconsistent area
of law.
Yet fairness to the participants in the
administrative process surely suggests they should be able to make submissions in full light
of the considerations the
decision -
maker will take into account; all relevant evidence and interpretive positions should be on the record in the proceeding (however informal), not magicked up after the fact.
Here, the
administrative decision -
maker was the N.S. Human Rights Commission; however, the effect
of this direction extends beyond to all
administrative decision -
makers.
The category
of administrative decision -
maker in the case — whether it be cabinet, a minister, or perhaps an adjudicative tribunal — is obviously
of some relevance but we should not be making absolute assertions based thereon.
The SCC's
decision in Halifax (Regional Municipality) v. Nova Scotia (Human Rights Commission) has the practical effect
of increasing the amount
of deference courts must show toward the
decisions of administrative decision -
makers (like human rights commissions), making it more difficult to challenge those
decisions in court.
That
decision provides guidance on how to determine whether
administrative decision makers have properly exercised their statutory discretion in accordance with the Charter, emphasizing that «the protection
of Charter guarantees is a fundamental and pervasive obligation, no matter which adjudicative forum is applying it»: [4].
It seems more problematic in a legal system that gives
administrative decision -
makers the power to make final and binding determinations
of law when they interpret and apply their home legislation.
These findings on standard
of review are not only consistent with the overall trend in existing jurisprudence concerning the judicial review
of FOIP
decisions, but are also consistent with the trend towards reasonableness as the standard
of review generally in substantive judicial review
of statutory interpretation by
administrative decision -
makers.
Stating that
administrative decision -
makers such as the FOIP Commissioner are entitled to alter precedents or completely depart from an earlier interpretation
of legislation — as Justice Manderscheid states here (at para 84)-- was perhaps tenable in a legal system that did not employ a strong presumption
of deference to substantive legal findings made by these persons.
Both the appeal panel and the
Administrative Court (Dobbs J) in Eisai accepted NICE's submissions that it was not the role
of consultees to «quality assure» NICE's work: it was for NICE as the
decision -
maker to obtain and ensure the quality
of the material upon which it relied.
The case engages fundamental issues
of Constitutional and human rights and
administrative law — including the delineation
of equality rights, religious freedoms, and the LSUC's jurisdiction as an
administrative decision -
maker.
By way
of training, I'm a lawyer and have a history
of sitting on
administrative tribunals as a
decision maker, and also previous tot hat, practicing civil litigation at a Vancouver firm.
In order to protect courts
of law and
administrative tribunals, a principle
of deliberative secrecy applies to shield those
decision -
makers from having to make transparent or provide information in regards to the intellectual or other process by which they may have arrived at their
decision except as may stand on the record within their reasons for judgment or opinion.
As is well - known, the Supreme Court
of Canada stated in Doré v. Barreau du Québec, [2012] 1 SCR 395 that
administrative decision -
makers must consider Charter values in the exercise
of discretionary powers.
It is telling that, despite the emphasis on the categorical approach, the Court apparently has regard to the nature
of the question that was before the
administrative decision maker when determining how intrusive the standard
of review ought to be.
provisions which immunize
decision makers from liability «are not so uncommon or unusual in free and democratic societies as to render them constitutionally unreasonable» (citing a number
of cases immunizing
administrative tribunal members from personal liability for their
decisions);
However, a citizenship judge is an
administrative decision -
maker, required to take Charter values into account in the exercise
of her functions.
A labour arbitrator said that it was, but the Court (unanimous on this point) easily rejected that view, again without addressing either the question
of the standard
of review or the
administrative decision -
maker's reasoning (though the majority did discuss it at length on the other issue in the case, which concerned the interpretation
of a collective agreement).
It ought, therefore, to be made in accordance with the kind
of process appropriate for judicial or quasi-judicial
decision -
makers: a hearing before a relatively (this being
administrative law) impartial
decision -
maker who issues reasons explaining its
decision.
Canadian
administrative law is different in many ways from that
of other Commonwealth jurisdictions, but on one question it (for the most part) clings doggedly to an old mantra: procedural questions are for the courts alone to decide, without any deference to
decision -
makers.
This is a
decision that the CCD is finds consistent with the notion
of procedural fairness required from a statutory
administrative decision maker.
The story reveals the reasons why deference ought to be accorded to
administrative decision -
makers» interpretations
of legal provisions; it provides tools to counter interventionism.
However, courts and
administrative decision -
makers historically have struggled to consistently approach both the contents
of the protection afforded under the ground
of family status and the appropriate test individuals must satisfy in order to establish a prima facie case
of family status discrimination.