The results overall confirm the substantial health benefits of breastfeeding: it protects against a spectrum
of adverse health outcomes for children, and breastfeeding mothers also gain from having breastfed.
Not exact matches
Helping adolescent males to delay fatherhood may also be important from a child
health perspective: research that controlled
for maternal age and other key factors found teenage fatherhood associated with an increased risk
of adverse pregnancy
outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight and neonatal death (Chen et al, 2007).
Dr. Fisher believes that dispassionate, rigorous study
of birth across all settings is more important than ever given disparities in women's access to trained and licensed care providers, current and future physician workforce issues, rising costs
of health care, and unacceptably high rates
of adverse outcomes for mothers and infants in the U.S. compared to other industrialized countries.
The paucity
of evidence
for the longer term consequences
of adverse events and other
health outcomes after birth
for both mother and baby remains and further research to generate combined QALY estimates
for the linked mother - baby dyad should be a priority
for research in this specialty.
Enabling women to breastfeed is also a public
health priority because, on a population level, interruption
of lactation is associated with
adverse health outcomes for the woman and her child, including higher maternal risks
of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, and greater infant risks
of infectious disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and metabolic disease (2, 4).
In today's peer - reviewed Journal
of Midwifery & Women's
Health (JMWH), a landmark study confirms that among low - risk women, planned home births result in low rates
of interventions without an increase in
adverse outcomes for mothers and babies.
Data were available
for the following
outcomes: overall survival, time to first skeletal - related complication,
adverse events and
health - related quality
of life.
A review
of studies investigating the 2008 recession in Europe show it was associated with
adverse health outcomes, particularly
for suicides and mental
health problems, finds a study in The BMJ.
Significantly increasing the chance
of adverse health outcomes, preeclampsia accounts
for over $ 2.18 billion
of health care expenditure in the first 12 months after birth.
«Older children [aged 6 - 12 years] were more likely to report intentional ingestion and to have
adverse health effects and worse outcomes than were younger children, suggesting that older children might be deliberately misusing or abusing alcohol hand sanitizers,» wrote the team led by Dr. Cynthia Santos, of the CDC's National Center for Environmental H
health effects and worse
outcomes than were younger children, suggesting that older children might be deliberately misusing or abusing alcohol hand sanitizers,» wrote the team led by Dr. Cynthia Santos,
of the CDC's National Center
for Environmental
HealthHealth.
Interestingly, 50 g is sort
of a magic number
of carbs
for many people: there are
adverse health outcomes eating less than 50 g, but intake
of 50 g or more tends to eliminate them.
The World
Health Organization recommended less than 10 % of calories from added sugar based on its assessment of higher consumption and adverse health outcomes.4 With the evidence of higher added sugar consumption and adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
Health Organization recommended less than 10 %
of calories from added sugar based on its assessment
of higher consumption and
adverse health outcomes.4 With the evidence of higher added sugar consumption and adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
health outcomes.4 With the evidence
of higher added sugar consumption and
adverse health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d for most women and less than 150 calories / d for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 % of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute of Medicine recommendation and above the World Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
health outcomes accumulating, the American Heart Association recommended that total calories from added sugar should be less than 100 calories / d
for most women and less than 150 calories / d
for most men.5 Our analysis suggests that participants who consumed greater than or equal to 10 % but less than 25 %
of calories from added sugar, the level below the Institute
of Medicine recommendation and above the World
Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk of CVD mortality; for those who consumed 25 % or more of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR,
Health Organization / American Heart Association recommendation, had a 30 % higher risk
of CVD mortality;
for those who consumed 25 % or more
of calories from added sugar, the relative risk was nearly tripled (fully adjusted HR, 2.75).
Recalling the concern reflected in the
outcome document
of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled «The future we want», 1 that the
health of oceans and marine biodiversity are negatively affected by marine pollution, including marine debris, especially plastic, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and nitrogen - based compounds, from numerous marine and land - based sources, and the commitment to take action to significantly reduce the incidence and impacts
of such pollution on marine ecosystems, Noting the international action being taken to promote the sound management
of chemicals throughout their life cycle and waste in ways that lead to the prevention and minimization
of significant
adverse effects on human
health and the environment, Recalling the Manila Declaration on Furthering the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action
for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities adopted by the Third Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action
for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities, which highlighted the relevance
of the Honolulu Strategy and the Honolulu Commitment and recommended the establishment
of a global partnership on marine litter, Taking note
of the decisions adopted by the eleventh Conference
of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on addressing the impacts
of marine debris on marine and coastal biodiversity, Recalling that the General Assembly declared 2014 the International Year
of Small Island Developing States and that such States have identified waste management among their priorities
for action, Noting with concern the serious impact which marine litter, including plastics stemming from land and sea - based sources, can have on the marine environment, marine ecosystem services, marine natural resources, fisheries, tourism and the economy, as well as the potential risks to human
health; 1.
This risk analysis allows stakeholders to develop initiatives to address the upstream social determinants
of downstream physical and emotional
health outcomes for children experiencing
adverse events.
In 2010, more than 1 in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks
for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor
for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey
of Children's
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number
of psychosocial risks and many poor
health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health outcomes, including social - emotional
health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health.15 The
Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiences.
Children who experience poverty, particularly during early life or
for an extended period, are at risk
of a host
of adverse health and developmental
outcomes through their life course.1 Poverty has a profound effect on specific circumstances, such as birth weight, infant mortality, language development, chronic illness, environmental exposure, nutrition, and injury.
Bright Futures, the AAP
health promotion initiative, provides resources
for pediatricians to detect both ACEs and
adverse developmental
outcomes.36 Programs like Reach Out and Read, in which pediatricians distribute books and model reading, simultaneously promote emergent literacy and parent — child relationships through shared reading.37, 38 However, ACEs can not be addressed in isolation and require collaborative efforts with partners in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services
for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development
of vulnerable children.
Relative to children with no ACEs, children who experienced ACEs had increased odds
of having below - average academic skills including poor literacy skills, as well as attention problems, social problems, and aggression, placing them at significant risk
for poor school achievement, which is associated with poor
health.23 Our study adds to the growing literature on
adverse outcomes associated with ACEs3 — 9,24 — 28 by pointing to ACEs during early childhood as a risk factor
for child academic and behavioral problems that have implications
for education and
health trajectories, as well as achievement gaps and
health disparities.
ADHD is a common condition, affecting between 3 % and 5 %
of children, with important consequences
for adverse long - term
outcomes in
health and education and welfare; as such it is an important public
health problem.
The higher risk
for maternal postpartum depression is also associated with reduced parenting skills, which may have negative consequences
for the development
of the child.28 — 30 Parents
of obese children may lack effective parenting skills providing both a consistent structured frame and emotional support.31 In women with GDM, psychosocial vulnerability including low levels
of social and family networks is associated with more
adverse neonatal
outcomes, especially increased birth weight.32 Thus, there is a tight interaction between maternal lifestyle, weight status, mental
health, social support as well as between maternal and child's overall
health.
Childhood maltreatment in various forms has commonly been termed
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which are severe enough to negatively impact mental and physical
health in both childhood and adulthood, as well as lead to a variety
of undesirable life
outcomes for affected adults.
Based on the overall pattern
of odds ratios
for poor
health and illness, there was some support
for the hypothesized relationship between the extent
of exposure to
adverse factors and negative
health outcomes (ie, odds ratios tended to increase relative to 1 vs 0 to ≥ 4 vs 0 adversities).
Because a large proportion
of children most at risk
for adverse developmental
outcomes are also children covered by the Medicaid program (Title XIX) and the State Child
Health Insurance Program (Title XXI), these 2 governmental programs potentially have a major role in determining what services are provided and how they are paid
for.
The
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number
of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array
of outcomes, including markers
for social functioning, sexual
health, mental
health, risk factors
for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that
adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical
health decades later.1, 2,5,10
Compared to non-LD peers, youth with LD frequently report feelings
of loneliness, stress, depression and suicide, among other psychiatric symptoms.15, 16
For example, in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the LD sample was twice as likely to report a suicide attempt in the past year.16 Longitudinal research on risk - taking indicates that, compared to non-LD peers, adolescents with LD engage more frequently in various risk behaviours.17 Therefore, the presence of LD in childhood appears to confer a general risk for adverse outcomes throughout adolescence and into adultho
For example, in the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent
Health, the LD sample was twice as likely to report a suicide attempt in the past year.16 Longitudinal research on risk - taking indicates that, compared to non-LD peers, adolescents with LD engage more frequently in various risk behaviours.17 Therefore, the presence
of LD in childhood appears to confer a general risk
for adverse outcomes throughout adolescence and into adultho
for adverse outcomes throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
For example, studies of medical students facing examinations and kindergarten children beginning school reveal changes in immune functioning potentially prognostic for adverse health outcomes, including changes in numbers of total t - lymphocytes, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte responsivity to mitogenic stimulation (e.g., 8,
For example, studies
of medical students facing examinations and kindergarten children beginning school reveal changes in immune functioning potentially prognostic
for adverse health outcomes, including changes in numbers of total t - lymphocytes, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte responsivity to mitogenic stimulation (e.g., 8,
for adverse health outcomes, including changes in numbers
of total t - lymphocytes, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte responsivity to mitogenic stimulation (e.g., 8, 9).
Audience members will hear from maternal and child
health leaders in New Jersey on the Maternal Wraparound Program to promote maternal
health, improve birth
outcomes for women, their infants and families and reduce the risks and
adverse consequences
of prenatal substance exposure.
«We believe that strengthening and integrating infant and early childhood mental
health supports in child - and family - serving systems is fundamental to improving
outcomes for all children, particularly those who face
adverse experiences during the earliest stages
of development.
3 THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures in the first four years
of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of life 3.5 Overview
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an
adverse impact on
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors
for poor
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure
of negative outcom
of negative
outcomes
The aim
of this study is to (a) document variations in the mental and physical
health outcomes of married and widowed respondents, (b) ascertain whether widowed persons who were previously in age heterogamous unions are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects
of widowhood, and (c) assess the extent to which differential selection, marital quality, and
health practices during marriage account
for health disparities by marital status and spousal age gap.
Previous studies have documented the association between bullying and both
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use of alcohol, 21 perpetration of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less risk for adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use
of alcohol, 21 perpetration
of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use
of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less risk
for adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk
for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department
of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health and Human Services,
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated
for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence
of bullying.
Given that antisocial behaviour during adolescence is an important early marker
of adverse health outcomes, youth exhibiting serious behavioural problems should be targeted
for preventive interventions.