Although no studies have yet examined whether maternal relationship quality during pregnancy is linked to the risk of infectious disease in the offspring, there is growing evidence from animal models that a link exists between prenatal maternal stress and a wide range
of adverse health outcomes in the offspring, including immune dysfunction and infectious diseases [14,15].
«It can amplify and unmask ecological and socio - political weaknesses and increase the risk
of adverse health outcomes in socially vulnerable regions.»
Not exact matches
«The Australian beverages industry is responsive to the
health and dietary requirements
of Australians but isolating any food or beverage as the sole contributor
in any
adverse health outcome overlooks many other factors that need to be considered such as
health, diet and lifestyle,» the Australian Beverages Council CEO Geoff Parker said.
Dr. Fisher believes that dispassionate, rigorous study
of birth across all settings is more important than ever given disparities
in women's access to trained and licensed care providers, current and future physician workforce issues, rising costs
of health care, and unacceptably high rates
of adverse outcomes for mothers and infants
in the U.S. compared to other industrialized countries.
Ongoing projects include studies
of gene - environment interactions and
adverse pregnancy
outcomes, as well as informed medical decision making demonstration projects
in Medicaid maternity populations and within HealthWise, the nation's largest source
of health information materials distributed through healthcare networks.
The paucity
of evidence for the longer term consequences
of adverse events and other
health outcomes after birth for both mother and baby remains and further research to generate combined QALY estimates for the linked mother - baby dyad should be a priority for research
in this specialty.
In today's peer - reviewed Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health (JMWH), a landmark study confirms that among low - risk women, planned home births result in low rates of interventions without an increase in adverse outcomes for mothers and babie
In today's peer - reviewed Journal
of Midwifery & Women's
Health (JMWH), a landmark study confirms that among low - risk women, planned home births result
in low rates of interventions without an increase in adverse outcomes for mothers and babie
in low rates
of interventions without an increase
in adverse outcomes for mothers and babie
in adverse outcomes for mothers and babies.
«Since the increase
in opioid use among women has been accompanied by an increase
in adverse pregnancy and birth
outcomes, including neonatal abstinence syndrome, reproductive - age women should be
of particular concern
in public
health efforts to combat the opioid epidemic.»
These behaviors predict more serious
adverse outcomes later
in life, such as substance abuse, delinquency, and violence, explains study leader Anne Riley, PhD, professor
in the Department
of Population, Family, and Reproductive
Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Health.
«Insomnia affects empathy
in health care workers which can lead to
adverse clinical
outcomes,» said lead author Venkatesh Basappa Krishnamurthy, MD, assistant professor, Sleep Research and Treatment Center, department
of psychiatry, Penn State College
of Medicine
in Hershey, Pa..
A review
of studies investigating the 2008 recession
in Europe show it was associated with
adverse health outcomes, particularly for suicides and mental
health problems, finds a study
in The BMJ.
«We have animal literature, which shows direct links between exposure and
adverse health outcomes, the limited human studies, and the fact that 90 to 100 percent of the population has measurable levels of these compounds in their bodies,» said John Meeker, an assistant professor of environmental health sciences at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and a lead a
health outcomes, the limited human studies, and the fact that 90 to 100 percent
of the population has measurable levels
of these compounds
in their bodies,» said John Meeker, an assistant professor
of environmental
health sciences at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and a lead a
health sciences at the University
of Michigan School
of Public
Health and a lead a
Health and a lead author.
«Although signs suggest that obstetric interventions are being used too readily
in developed countries, the lower rates we saw among First Nations mothers are
of concern when coupled with the known increased risk
of adverse perinatal and infant
outcomes,» writes Corinne Riddell, PhD candidate, Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational
Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, with coauthors.
Significantly increasing the chance
of adverse health outcomes, preeclampsia accounts for over $ 2.18 billion
of health care expenditure
in the first 12 months after birth.
«Abnormalities
in thyroid function can have an
adverse effect on reproductive
health and result
in reduced rates
of conception, increased miscarriage risk and
adverse pregnancy and neonatal
outcomes,» said study co-author Amanda Jefferys
in a journal news release.
«This is one
of the largest studies to have examined the
adverse mental
health and neurodevelopmental
outcomes associated with PCOS, and we hope the results will lead to increased awareness, earlier detection and new treatments,» Rees said
in a journal news release.
27 Studies cited by the 2010 DGAC Report demonstrate varied metabolic responses to lowered dietary saturated fat, with certain subpopulations exhibiting
adverse rather than improved
health outcomes.3 Two recent comprehensive meta - analyses indicate that saturated fat is not linked to heart disease.28, 29
In fact, in a definitive review of forty - eight clinical trials, with over sixty - five thousand participants, the reduction or modification of dietary fat had no effect on mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart attacks, stroke, cancer, or diabetes.30 Yet, avoiding saturated fat remains a cornerstone of national dietary guidanc
In fact,
in a definitive review of forty - eight clinical trials, with over sixty - five thousand participants, the reduction or modification of dietary fat had no effect on mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart attacks, stroke, cancer, or diabetes.30 Yet, avoiding saturated fat remains a cornerstone of national dietary guidanc
in a definitive review
of forty - eight clinical trials, with over sixty - five thousand participants, the reduction or modification
of dietary fat had no effect on mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart attacks, stroke, cancer, or diabetes.30 Yet, avoiding saturated fat remains a cornerstone
of national dietary guidance.
In this instance, however, the overall weight of the evidence from the cumulative body of information contained in this Public Health Review demonstrates that there are significant uncertainties about the kinds of adverse health outcomes that may be associated with HVHF, the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse health outcomes, and the effectiveness of some of the mitigation measures in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public healt
In this instance, however, the overall weight
of the evidence from the cumulative body
of information contained
in this Public Health Review demonstrates that there are significant uncertainties about the kinds of adverse health outcomes that may be associated with HVHF, the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse health outcomes, and the effectiveness of some of the mitigation measures in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public healt
in this Public
Health Review demonstrates that there are significant uncertainties about the kinds of adverse health outcomes that may be associated with HVHF, the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse health outcomes, and the effectiveness of some of the mitigation measures in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public h
Health Review demonstrates that there are significant uncertainties about the kinds
of adverse health outcomes that may be associated with HVHF, the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse health outcomes, and the effectiveness of some of the mitigation measures in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public h
health outcomes that may be associated with HVHF, the likelihood
of the occurrence
of adverse health outcomes, and the effectiveness of some of the mitigation measures in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public h
health outcomes, and the effectiveness
of some
of the mitigation measures
in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public healt
in reducing or preventing environmental impacts which could adversely affect public
healthhealth.
Recalling the concern reflected
in the
outcome document
of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled «The future we want», 1 that the
health of oceans and marine biodiversity are negatively affected by marine pollution, including marine debris, especially plastic, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and nitrogen - based compounds, from numerous marine and land - based sources, and the commitment to take action to significantly reduce the incidence and impacts
of such pollution on marine ecosystems, Noting the international action being taken to promote the sound management
of chemicals throughout their life cycle and waste
in ways that lead to the prevention and minimization
of significant
adverse effects on human
health and the environment, Recalling the Manila Declaration on Furthering the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities adopted by the Third Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities, which highlighted the relevance
of the Honolulu Strategy and the Honolulu Commitment and recommended the establishment
of a global partnership on marine litter, Taking note
of the decisions adopted by the eleventh Conference
of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on addressing the impacts
of marine debris on marine and coastal biodiversity, Recalling that the General Assembly declared 2014 the International Year
of Small Island Developing States and that such States have identified waste management among their priorities for action, Noting with concern the serious impact which marine litter, including plastics stemming from land and sea - based sources, can have on the marine environment, marine ecosystem services, marine natural resources, fisheries, tourism and the economy, as well as the potential risks to human
health; 1.
BACKGROUND: Ultrafine particles (UFPs) have been associated with
adverse health outcomes in children, but studies are often limited by surrogate estimates
of exposure.
A growing body
of research has sought to quantify the prevalence
of adverse childhood experiences and illuminate their connection with negative behavioral and
health outcomes, such as obesity, alcoholism, and depression, later
in life.»
In 2010, more than 1 in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
In 2010, more than 1
in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
in 5 children were reported to be living
in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13
In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
In families
in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
in which parents are
in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems
in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experience
in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey
of Children's
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number
of psychosocial risks and many poor
health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health outcomes, including social - emotional
health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experi
health.15 The
Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiences.
Our findings add insight into the pathways linking early childhood adversity to poor adult wellbeing.29 Complementing past work that focused on physical
health, 9 our findings provide information about links between ACEs and early childhood
outcomes at the intersection
of learning, behavior, and
health.29 We found that ACEs experienced
in early childhood were associated with poor foundational skills, such as language and literacy, that predispose individuals to low educational attainment and adult literacy, both of which are related to poor health.23, 30 — 33 Attention problems, social problems, and aggression were also associated with ACEs and also have the potential to interfere with children's educational experience given known associations between self - regulatory behavior and academic achievement.34, 35 Consistent with the original ACE study and subsequent research, we found that exposure to more ACEs was associated with more adverse outcomes, suggesting a dose — response association.3 — 8 In fact, experiencing ≥ 3 ACEs was associated with below - average performance or problems in every outcome examine
in early childhood were associated with poor foundational skills, such as language and literacy, that predispose individuals to low educational attainment and adult literacy, both
of which are related to poor
health.23, 30 — 33 Attention problems, social problems, and aggression were also associated with ACEs and also have the potential to interfere with children's educational experience given known associations between self - regulatory behavior and academic achievement.34, 35 Consistent with the original ACE study and subsequent research, we found that exposure to more ACEs was associated with more
adverse outcomes, suggesting a dose — response association.3 — 8
In fact, experiencing ≥ 3 ACEs was associated with below - average performance or problems in every outcome examine
In fact, experiencing ≥ 3 ACEs was associated with below - average performance or problems
in every outcome examine
in every
outcome examined.
Bright Futures, the AAP
health promotion initiative, provides resources for pediatricians to detect both ACEs and
adverse developmental
outcomes.36 Programs like Reach Out and Read,
in which pediatricians distribute books and model reading, simultaneously promote emergent literacy and parent — child relationships through shared reading.37, 38 However, ACEs can not be addressed in isolation and require collaborative efforts with partners in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
in which pediatricians distribute books and model reading, simultaneously promote emergent literacy and parent — child relationships through shared reading.37, 38 However, ACEs can not be addressed
in isolation and require collaborative efforts with partners in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
in isolation and require collaborative efforts with partners
in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
in the education, home visitation, and other social service sectors
in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29 In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
in synergistic efforts to strengthen families.29
In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
In this way, programs like Help Me Grow39 that create streamlined access to early childhood services for at - risk children can play a critical role
in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development of vulnerable childre
in building an integrated system that connects families to needed resources to enhance the development
of vulnerable children.
Cannabis use can be a significant contributor to poor mental
health, particularly when it begins at a young age.4, 5 The
adverse mental
health effects
of cannabis use
in the general population are increasingly recognised, including anxiety, depression, 6 — 8 psychotic disorders, 4, 9 — 12 dependence6, 7, 13 withdrawal14, 15 and cognitive impairment.16, 17 Starting to use cannabis before age 15 is associated with an increased likelihood
of developing later psychotic disorders, increased risk
of dependence, other drug use, and poor educational and psychosocial
outcomes.5
Felitti and colleagues1 first described ACEs and defined it as exposure to psychological, physical or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction including substance abuse (problem drinking / alcoholic and / or street drugs), mental illness, a mother treated violently and criminal behaviour
in the household.1 Along with the initial ACE study, other studies have characterised ACEs as neglect, parental separation, loss
of family members or friends, long - term financial adversity and witness to violence.2 3 From the original cohort
of 9508 American adults, more than half
of respondents (52 %) experienced at least one
adverse childhood event.1 Since the original cohort, ACE exposures have been investigated globally revealing comparable prevalence to the original cohort.4 5 More recently
in 2014, a survey
of 4000 American children found that 60.8 %
of children had at least one form
of direct experience
of violence, crime or abuse.6 The ACE study precipitated interest
in the
health conditions
of adults maltreated as children as it revealed links to chronic diseases such as obesity, autoimmune diseases, heart, lung and liver diseases, and cancer
in adulthood.1 Since then, further evidence has revealed relationships between ACEs and physical and mental
health outcomes, such as increased risk
of substance abuse, suicide and premature mortality.4 7
ADHD is a common condition, affecting between 3 % and 5 %
of children, with important consequences for
adverse long - term
outcomes in health and education and welfare; as such it is an important public
health problem.
The higher risk for maternal postpartum depression is also associated with reduced parenting skills, which may have negative consequences for the development
of the child.28 — 30 Parents
of obese children may lack effective parenting skills providing both a consistent structured frame and emotional support.31
In women with GDM, psychosocial vulnerability including low levels
of social and family networks is associated with more
adverse neonatal
outcomes, especially increased birth weight.32 Thus, there is a tight interaction between maternal lifestyle, weight status, mental
health, social support as well as between maternal and child's overall
health.
Poverty and related social determinants
of health can lead to
adverse health outcomes in childhood and across the life course, negatively affecting physical
health, socioemotional development, and educational achievement.
Childhood maltreatment
in various forms has commonly been termed
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which are severe enough to negatively impact mental and physical
health in both childhood and adulthood, as well as lead to a variety
of undesirable life
outcomes for affected adults.
The relationship between numbers
of adverse exposures and adjusted odds ratios
of health outcomes is summarized
in Table 5.
Because a large proportion
of children most at risk for
adverse developmental
outcomes are also children covered by the Medicaid program (Title XIX) and the State Child
Health Insurance Program (Title XXI), these 2 governmental programs potentially have a major role
in determining what services are provided and how they are paid for.
The
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study looked at over 17000 middle class, middle - aged Americans (average age
in the 50s) and found dose - dependent associations between the number
of adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual health, mental health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse childhood experiences (see Table 1) and a wide array
of outcomes, including markers for social functioning, sexual
health, mental
health, risk factors for common diseases, and prevalent diseases (see Table 2).4, 6 The retrospective ACE Study and several smaller but prospective studies indicate that
adverse experiences in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical health decades later.1,
adverse experiences
in childhood influence behavior, mental wellness, and physical
health decades later.1, 2,5,10
Compared to non-LD peers, youth with LD frequently report feelings
of loneliness, stress, depression and suicide, among other psychiatric symptoms.15, 16 For example,
in the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent
Health, the LD sample was twice as likely to report a suicide attempt
in the past year.16 Longitudinal research on risk - taking indicates that, compared to non-LD peers, adolescents with LD engage more frequently
in various risk behaviours.17 Therefore, the presence
of LD
in childhood appears to confer a general risk for
adverse outcomes throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
This report includes an overview
of home visiting, including scope and funding, and information on the impact
of adverse childhood experiences on child
health and development; identifies and describes seven evidence - based home - visiting programs; and it discusses the
outcomes of home - visiting programs
in Texas and the benefits
of high - quality home - visiting programs to children, families, and society.
The Foundations
of Lifelong
Health Are Built in Early Childhood National Scientific Council on the Developing Child & National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs (2010) Discusses the impact of adverse experiences on child health, ways to promote healthy development, and strategies to improve policies and programs that affect long - term health out
Health Are Built
in Early Childhood National Scientific Council on the Developing Child & National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs (2010) Discusses the impact
of adverse experiences on child
health, ways to promote healthy development, and strategies to improve policies and programs that affect long - term health out
health, ways to promote healthy development, and strategies to improve policies and programs that affect long - term
health out
health outcomes.
On social - emotional measures, foster children
in the NSCAW study tended to have more compromised functioning than would be expected from a high - risk sample.43 Moreover, as indicated
in the previous section, research suggests that foster children are more likely than nonfoster care children to have insecure or disordered attachments, and the
adverse long - term
outcomes associated with such attachments.44 Many studies
of foster children postulate that a majority have mental
health difficulties.45 They have higher rates
of depression, poorer social skills, lower adaptive functioning, and more externalizing behavioral problems, such as aggression and impulsivity.46 Additionally, research has documented high levels
of mental
health service utilization among foster children47 due to both greater mental
health needs and greater access to services.
For example, studies
of medical students facing examinations and kindergarten children beginning school reveal changes
in immune functioning potentially prognostic for
adverse health outcomes, including changes
in numbers
of total t - lymphocytes, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte responsivity to mitogenic stimulation (e.g., 8, 9).
Researchers looked at various
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's include (a) psychological abuse, (b) physical abuse, (c) sexual abuse, (d) substance abuse by a household family member, (e) mental illness
of a household family member, (f) spousal or partner violence, and (g) criminal behaviour resulting
in the incarceration
of a household member) and how they are related to adulthood
health risk behaviours and disease
outcome.
Audience members will hear from maternal and child
health leaders
in New Jersey on the Maternal Wraparound Program to promote maternal
health, improve birth
outcomes for women, their infants and families and reduce the risks and
adverse consequences
of prenatal substance exposure.
«We believe that strengthening and integrating infant and early childhood mental
health supports
in child - and family - serving systems is fundamental to improving
outcomes for all children, particularly those who face
adverse experiences during the earliest stages
of development.
3 THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health inequalities
in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities
in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in the early stages 3.4
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
Health measures
in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in the first four years
of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of life 3.5 Overview
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities
in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an
adverse impact on
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health 3.8 Inequalities
in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
in exposure to risk factors for poor
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ou
health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure
of negative outcom
of negative
outcomes
The aim
of this study is to (a) document variations
in the mental and physical
health outcomes of married and widowed respondents, (b) ascertain whether widowed persons who were previously
in age heterogamous unions are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects
of widowhood, and (c) assess the extent to which differential selection, marital quality, and
health practices during marriage account for
health disparities by marital status and spousal age gap.
Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight and
adverse perinatal
health outcomes.2, 3
In children, exposure to second - hand smoke (SHS) from tobacco contributes to lower respiratory tract illness, otitis media and chronic middle ear effusion, 4,5 and is associated with an increased risk
of childhood asthma.6, 7
H4: Widowed persons who were previously
in age heterogamous unions are especially vulnerable to the
adverse consequences
of widowhood partly because their shared environment (i.e., poorer marital quality and deleterious
health behaviors) is conducive to
adverse health outcomes.
Previous studies have documented the association between bullying and both
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use of alcohol, 21 perpetration of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less risk for adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health behaviors and symptoms.21, 43,44 These studies indicate that while being bullied is associated with difficulty making friends and lower use
of alcohol, 21 perpetration
of bullying is associated with more time spent with friends44 and increased use
of alcohol and cigarettes.21 This suggests that although adolescents who are bullied may be at less risk for
adverse health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
health outcomes associated with substance use, they may be at increased risk for somatic complaints associated with poor peer relationships.3, 18 New initiatives such as the US Department
of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health and Human Services,
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence of bul
Health Resources and Services Administration's Stop Bullying Now campaign45 should be evaluated for their efficacy
in raising public awareness and reducing the prevalence
of bullying.
Loneliness, or perceived social isolation, has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk
of adverse somatic
health outcomes, independent
of depression and anxiety,
in adults [26 — 30].
Thus, a series
of studies have shown that marital conflict alters physiological functioning, and hostile behavior, particularly during conflict, markedly enhances
adverse physiological changes; moreover, women appear to be more adversely affected than men.5
In this study, we extended this line
of research to assess how hostile marital behavior modulated an important
health outcome, wound healing, as well as local and systemic proinflammatory cytokine production.
Maternal depression has been shown to be associated with many
adverse health outcomes among the offspring
of depressed women, including preterm birth, low birth weight, newborn irritability, developmental delays, somatic complaints, sleep problems, child abuse, and psychiatric and neurobehavioral disorders.8 — 21 Although considered to be attributable
in part to genetic factors, some
of the behavioral problems observed among children
of depressed women are thought to arise from the negative parenting behaviors that these women display.22 — 24 Such negative parenting behaviors include inconsistent discipline and control, unavailability, and emotional insensitivity.22 — 24